FRANKLIN  INSTITUTE  LIBRARY 

PHILADELPHIA 

Class  .£14 BOOK  ACCESS  ION.  . . 5y.4:.6.8  .. 


REFERENCE 


Article  V. — The  Library  sfi^be  divided  into  two  classes  ; the  first 
comprising  such  works  as,  from  their  rarity  or  value,  should  not  be  lent 
outfall  unbound  periodicals,  and  such  text  books  as  ought  to  be  found 
in  a library  of  reference  except  when  required  by  Committees  of  the 
Institute,  or  by  members  or  holders  of  second  class  stock,  who  have 
obtained  the  sanction  of  the  Committee.  The  second  class  shall  include 
those  books  intended  for  circulation. 

Article  VI. — The  Secretary  shall  have  authority  to  loan  to  Members 
and  to  holders  of  second  class  stock,  any  work  belonging  to  the  second 
class,  subject  to  the  following  regulations: 

Section  I. — No  individual  shall  be  permitted  to  have  more  than  two 
books  out  at  one  time,  without  a written  permission,  signed  by  at  least 
two  members  of  the  Library  Committe ; nor  shall  a book  be  kept  out 
more  than  two  weeks  ; but  if  no  o$e  has  applied  for  it,  the  former  bor- 
rower may  renew  the  loan.  Shou!  any  peifton  have  applied  for  it,  the 
latter  shall  have  tlnf-  “teference. 

Section  2—  A fi>  \f  ten  cents  per  weJ  ►shall  be  exacted  for  the 
detention  of  a booft^  yond  the^mited  t;me»^and  if  a book  be  not  re 
turned  within  three  months  it  s.  ,1  be  deemed  lost,  and  the  borrower 
shall,  in  addition  to  his  fines,  forfeit  its  value. 

Section  3.—  Should  any  book  be  returned  injured,  the  borrower  shall 
pay  for  the  injury,  or  replace  the  book,  as  the  Library  Committee  may 
direct;  and  if  one  or  more  books,  belonging  to  a set  or  sets,  be  lost,  the 
„ borrower  shall  replace  them  or  make  full  restitution. 

Article  VII. — Any  person  removing  from  the  Hall,  without  permis- 
sion from  the  proper  authorities,  any  book,  newspaper  or  other  property 
in  charge  of  the  Library  Committee,  shall  be  reported  to  the  Committee, 
who  may  inflict  any  fine  not  exceeding  twenty-five  dollars. 

Article  VIII. — No  member  or  holder  of  second  class  stock,  whose 
annual  contribution  for  the  current  year  shall  be  unpaid  or  who  is  in 
arrears  for  fines,  shall  be  entitled  to  the  privileges  of  the  Library  or 
Heading  Boom. 

Article  IX. — If  any  member  or  holder  of  second  class  stock,  shall 
refuse  or  neglect  to  comply  with  the  foregoing  rules,  it  shall  be  the  duty 
of  the  Secretary  to  renort  him  to  the  Committee  on  the  Library. 

Article  X. — Any  Member  or  holder  of  second  class  stock,  detected 
in  mutilating  the  newspapers,  pamphlets  or  books  belonging  to  the  Insti- 
tute shall  be  deprived  of  his  right  of  membership,  and  the  name  of  the 
offender  shall  be  made  public. 


bt 


V 


Modern  Milling. 


Being  the  Substance  of  Two  Addresses  Delivered 


BY  REQUEST,  AT  THE 


Franklin  Institute,  Philadelphia,  ;1anuary 

i Q AND  j \NLARY'  27,  1881, 

■ i “ i '*  * , 

■ , ^ * * t j * 


ROBERT  GRIMSHAW,  PH.  D., 


MEMBER  OF  THE  FRANKLIN  INSTITUTE,  OF  THE  AMERICAN 
SOCIETY  OF  MECHANICAL  ENGINEERS,  AMERICAN 
INSTITUTE  OF  MINING  ENGINEERS,  THE 
FRENCH  SOClATE  DES  INGENIEURS 
CIVILS,  & c.,  &c.,  &c. 


Edited  from  the  Phonographic  Reports.  With  Twenty-eight 
Illustrations. 


PHILADELPHIA : 

HENRY  CAREY  BAIRD  & CO., 
Industrial  Publishers,  Booksellers,  and  Importers, 
No.  810  Walnut  Street. 

1 88 1. 


I 


I 


* ■ » i .*  r — •"  ; 

Copyright 

ROBERT  GRIMSHAW 

1881. 


Printed  by 

ALLEN,  LANE  & SCOTT, 
Nos.  3*9-3}/  South  Fifth  St., 
Philadtlyhia. 


PREFACE. 


The  following  extempore  addresses  were  delivered  at  the 
solicitation  of  Eastern  millers  and  others,  and  with  the  inten- 
tion to  outline  in  clear  and  popular  form,  the  changes  that 
are  taking  place  in  the  great  and  growing  flouring  industry, 
to  which  this  country  already  owes  so  much.  They  are  here 
published  from  the  phonographic  reports,  substantially  as 
delivered ; merely  excising  some  repetitions  and  purely  local 
or  ephemeral  remarks,  and  adding  a few  foot  notes,  &c. 

They  seemed  appreciated  at  the  time  of  their  delivery,  and 
it  is  to  be  hoped  that  they  may  interest  and  in  some  measure 
instruct  many  before  whom  the  author  had  not  the  pleasure 
of  appearing  in  person,  on  the  occasions  of  their  delivery. 

Philadelphia,  June,  i 88 1 . 

5V^ 


V 


MODERN  MILLING. 


I HAVE  chosen  as  the  subject  of  my  remarks 
“ Modern  Milling,”  rather  than  the  title  “ New 
Process  Milling,”  which  has  been  advertised, — because 
“ Modern  Milliner”  covers  a wider  field  than  the  words 

o 

“New  Process,”  which  have  often  been  applied,  but 
which  are  a misnomer. 

“ New  Process,”  as  a trade  term,  is  strictly  a defini- 
tion of  one  of  the  many  new  processes,  or  new  sys- 
tems, which  constitute  modern  milling.* 

The  advance  of  milling,  within  the  last  decade,  has 
been  a great  stride, — as  great  a stride  as  from  the 
time  when  that  prince  of  millwrights,  Oliver  Evans, 
lying  upon  his  back  and  looking  up  at  the  dusty  beams 
of  the  Brandywine  Mills,  studied  out  the  elevator,  the 
hopper  boy,  and  the  spiral  conveyor ; and  almost  as 
great  a stride  as  from  the  early  days  of  the  quern,  or 
rough  stone,  used  for  bruising  the  grain  in  the  hands, 
up  to  Oliver  Evans’  date.f 

* Just  as  to  how  many  “ processes  ” there  are*in  modern  milling,  or  where  the 
dividing  lines  between  them  are,  is  by  no  means  settled — some  recognizing  only 
two,  others  a dozen  or  more. 

f 1795  *he  date  of  his  book  on  milling. 

(5) 


6 


While  there  are  many  things  in  modern  milling 
which  were  suggested  or  invented,  or  even  actually 
practiced  experimentally,  hundreds  of  years  ago,  yet 
within  the  last  ten  years,  and  especially  in  America,  the 
changes  which  have  been  wrought  have  completely 
revolutionized  the  business.  These  changes  have  been 
radical  and  searching ; there  have  been  changes  in  the 
apparatus  employed ; in  the  mode  of  dressing  and 
handling  the  apparatus  ; in  the  material  converted,  and 
in  its  preparation  ; in  the  processes  employed  in  con- 
verting the  material ; in  the  product  of  the  new  appa- 
ratus, materials  and  processes ; in  the  location  of  the 
industry ; in  the  customs  of  the  trade ; in  the  size  of 
the  mills ; in  the  motive  power  employed  in  its  trans- 
mission ; in  the  market  for  the  new  products  ; in  the 
importance  of  the  industry — changes  so  radical,  so 
complete,  as  to  have  transformed  the  old  art  or  rule  of 
thumb  into  a complicated  but  exact  science,  worthy  of 
the  most  intelligent  study  of  modern  genius. 

While  we  may  divide  the  art  of  milling  into  two  great 
methods,  high  and  low  grinding,  these  changes  which 
have  taken  place  have  so  pervaded  every  operation  in 
milling  that  there  may  be  blocked  out  five  or  more 
separate  systems  or  processes  in  the  grinding  or  gran- 
ulation alone ; each  of  these  following  some  changes 
and  preceding  others,  so  that  the  various  processes  so 
delicately  shade  off  one  into  the  other,  that  it  is  diffi- 
cult to  classify  them.  When  we  divide  the  art  of  mill- 
ing into  five  or  more  processes,  we  may  divide  them 
with  reference  more  particularly  to  the  mode  of  grind- 


7 


ing  or  granulation,  winch  is  the  principal  operation  in 
milling. 

Grinding  or  granulation  may  be  effected  by  any  one 
of  four  or  more  great  classes  of  machinery. 

First,  flat  cylindrical  millstones  built  up  of  blocks 
of  buhr-stone — a hard,  porous  silicious  rock  occurring 
in  nodules  in  a very  few  quarries.  These  may  have 
either  the  upper  or  under  stone  the  runner;  or  may 
be  set  vertically.  In  any  of  these  three  cases  either 
the  runner  or  the  bed,  or  both,  may  be  either  rigidly 
attached  to  the  axis,  or  oscillating. 

The  second  class  consists  of  rough  or  corrugated 
iron  disks  or  cones.* 

The  third,  which  has  grown  so  rapidly  in  importance, 
includes  rollers,  which  may  be  of  biscuit  (miscalled 
porcelain),  stone,  corrugated  or  smooth  iron,  or  steel ; 
and  whatever  the  material  employed  for  the  rolls  they 
may  be  used  either  singly,  working  against  a concave, 
or  in  pairs ; they  may  have  motion  either  in  the  same 
or  in  different  directions,  and  at  either  equal  or  differ- 
ential speeds. 

The  fourth  class  of  granulating  machinery  includes 
those  operating  by  percussion  or  attrition. f 

A fifth  class,  perhaps  only  a variation  of  the  first,  and 
not  yet  in  practical  operation,  consists  of  granulating 
disks  composed  of  glass  blocks  or  of  porous  blocks  of 
biscuit  ware,  and  intended  to  replace  buhr-stone  as  a 
material  for  millstones. 

* Iron  disk  milling  bids  fair  at  present  to  develop  into  a formidable  claimant 
for  public  recognition. 

f Not  in  practical  operation  in  this  country,  unless  perhaps  in  one  or  two  small 
mills. 


8 


Cutting  rolls  are  also  employed,  as  well  as  com- 
pressed air  to  blow  the  berries  to  powder.* 

Employing  any  one  of  these  classes  of  machines 
or  any  combination  of  them,  we  may  grind  either 
'‘high”  or  “low,”  or  by  “gradual  reduction” — that  is,  i 
we  may  aim  to  make  as  much  flour  as  possible  at  one 
grinding  from  the  wheat;  (2)  we  may  try  to  produce 
at  one  operation  very  small  but  sharp  granular  pieces 
of  the  berry  which  shall  subsequently  be  ground  into 
flour ; or  (3)  we  may  endeavor  to  produce  granular 
pieces  with  several  gradual  reductions,  and  to  produce 
the  highest  grade  and  the  greatest  quantity  of  flour 
from  these. 

The  first  system  is  called  low  milling,  the  second 
high  milling,  and  the  third,  gradual  reduction.!  Of 
course  so  many  subdivisions  of  such  a complicated 
work  could  not  be  thoroughly  or  even  superficially 
brought  out  in  the  course  of  two  evenings’  remarks. 
We  shall,  then,  confine  ourselves  more  particularly  to 
the  consideration  of  two  subdivisions.  (1)  High  mill- 
ing with  buhr  millstones ; that  is,  buhr  middlings 
milling ; and  (2)  high  milling  with  rollers ; that  is, 
roller  middlings  milling. 

It  shall  be  my  endeavor  to  block  out  for  you  an  out- 
line of  the  many  operations  in  each  of  these  methods 
of  milling,  which  in  most  respects  (outside  of  granu- 
lation, in  which  they  radically  differ)  lie  parallel. 

I shall  first  rehearse  in  greater  detail  the  changes 

* More  of  a scientific  toy  than  a working  success. 

f Hardly  any  two  authorities  agree  as  to  where  the  dividing  lines  exist. 


9 


which  have  taken  place  in  milling,  not  merely  since  the 
day  of  Oliver  Evans,  but  in  the  last  ten  years.  First, 
in  the  material.  Formerly  the  hard  spring  wheat  which 
is  the  output  of  our  north-western  territories  and  cold 
climates  was  difficult  to  handle,  not  so  much  by  reason 
of  its  hardness,  as  because  of  the  extreme  thinness  and 
brittleness  of  its  bran.  Now,  this  hard  spring  wheat 
is  by  preference  employed,  not  only  because  the  new 
granulating  devices  handle  it  better  than  those  of  old, 
but  because  new  machines  have  sprung  up  rendering 
the  miller  largely  independent  of  any  condition  of  the 
bran  upon  the  berry.  In  order  that  we  may  more 
distinctly  comprehend  the  operation  through  which  the 
berry  of  wheat  passes,  it  will  perhaps  be  best  to  show 
upon  the  screen  views  of  the  berry  itself  magnified. 


Fig.  I. — I.ENGTHWISE  SECTION  OF  WHEAT  HERRY 


As  you  will  notice,  the  diagram  (Fig.  i)  shows  an 
imaginary  section  of  a grain  of  wheat  magnified  * to 
about  three  feet  in  length.  You  will  note  that  its  outer 
envelope  consists  of  five  layers,  marked  i,  2,  3,  4,  and 
5 ; these  layers,  being  thin,  scaly,  and  fibrous,  and  con- 
stituting a woody  envelope  or  bark,  commonly  called 
the  bran  ; a material  not  only  valueless  to  the  miller, 
but  extremely  troublesome  by  reason  of  its  tendency  to 
mix  with  the  more  valuable  portions  and.  to  remain 
there,  adulterating  and  diluting  it. 

Within  this  outer  coating  of  bran  comes  a layer  con- 
taining the  most  valuable  part  of  the  berry,  and  which 
unfortunately  lies  next  to  and  almost  adhering  to  the 
worthless  bran.  This  layer  consists  of  cells  of  gluten, 
a substance  containing  a higher  percentage  of  nutri- 
ment than  the  rest  of  the  berry,  and  giving  to  the  flour 
its  strength  and  its  rising  properties.  The  more  gluten 
the  flour  contains,  the  “ stronger  ” it  is,  that  is,  the  more 
dough  can  be  made  from  a barrel  of  it ; the  better  the 
dough  will  rise,  and  the  more  nourishing  the  bread  will 
be.  Within  the  layer  of  gluten  cells  lie  the  albuminous 
starch  granules  which  constitute  the  greater  bulk  of  the 
berry. 

At  the  bottom  of  the  illustration  you  will  see  the 
germ  or  embryo,  a yellowish,  oily  body,  not  desirable 
as  a constituent  of  the  flour — largely  by  reason  of  its 
discoloring  properties. 

At  the  top  of  the  illustration  you  will  see  the  “ fuzz  ” 
or  beard  of  fine  woody  fibres  ; innutrious,  discoloring, 
and  undesirable. 

* By  the  oxycalcium  projecting  lantern. 


1 1 

Snugly  tucked  away  in  the  crease  of  the  berry,  is  a 
certain  amount  of  bluish  “ crease  dirt,”  difficult  to  re- 
move, and  extremely  retentive  of  its  place  in  the  flour; 
and  of  course  discoloring  in  its  properties. 


FlG.  2. — IDEAL  SPLITTING  OF  WHEAT  BERRY  IN  GRADUAL  REDUCTION. 

The  next  diagram  (Fig.  2)  shows  a whole  berry,  and 
a few  berries  just  cracked  lengthwise  as  by  ideal 
milling,  to  liberate  the  germ.* 

Lying  upon  and  adhering  to  the  outer  coating  of 
bran,  as  well  as  partly  in  the  crease,  there  is  a certain 
amount  of  loose  dust,  innutritious  and  discoloring. 

There  is  also  in  any  large  bulk  of  wheat  a varying 
proportion  of  mechanically  mixed  impurities,  such  as 
oats,  chaff,  chess,  cockle,  sticks,  stones,  straws,  garlic, 
grass  seed,  sand,  gravel,  rat  dirt,  rivets,  iron  wire,  mis- 
cellaneous fragments  of  metal,  &c. 

In  Pennsylvania  and  in  neighboring  sections  there 
is  great  trouble  from  garlic  seeds,  which  not  only  have 
a strong  odor  and  spoil  the  flour,  but  contain  a gummy 


* Figs.  I and  2 are  given  by  courtesy  of  Messrs.  Chisholm  Bros.,  Chicago. 


12 


substance  which  fills  up  the  pores  of  the  stone  and 
glazes  their  faces,  so  that  they  have  to  be  washed  every 
few  hours. 

Now,  the  great  problem  of  the  miller  is  to  remove 
all  the  mechanical  impurities,  all  the  innutritious  and 
discoloring  portions  of  the  berry,  and  to  avail  himself 
of  the  albuminous  starch  granules,  and  of  the  gluten 
cells,  especially  of  the  latter. 

It  is  not  an  easy  problem  to  solve,  and  it  should  be 
a source  of  great  wonder  that  its  solution  has  been  so 
satisfactory,  not  only  from  a technical  point  of  view, 
but  as  a commercial  success. 

In  the  preparation  of  the  wheat,  the  changes  that 
have  taken  place  lie  in  its  much  more  thorough  handling 
and  cleaning,  and  in  the  toughening  of  the  bran.  The 
old  operations  are  more  thoroughly  performed,  and  are 
supplemented  by  new  ones. 

The  object  of  cleaning  is  fourfold: — 

First . — To  extract  from  the  wheat  as  thoroughly  as 
possible  all  the  dust,  dirt,  clay,  stones,  and  foreign  sub- 
stances which  would  tend  to  impair  the  quality  of  the 
flour,  together  with  the  beard  and  crease  dirt  in  the 
berry  itself. 

Second . — To  extract  any  light,  shrivelled  or  soft  ber- 
ries that  are  among  the  sound  ones. 

Third . — To  remove  any  grass  seed,  garlic,  cockle, 
oats,  and  other  seeds,  clean  or  otherwise,  that  it  may 
contain. 

Fourth . — To  insure  that  it  is  perfectly  dry. 


13 


Before  grinding,  the  wheat,  if  it  be  at  all  wet  from 
having  come  in  leaky  canal  boats,  or  from  other  such 
causes,  is  thoroughly  dried  to  prepare  it  for  the  sub- 
sequent operations.  It  then  passes  through  what  is 
known  as  the  separator,  the  object  of  which  is  to  re- 
move by  sieves  and  by  currents  of  air  all  the  lighter 
mechanically  mixed  impurities  ; the  sticks,  straws,  chaff, 
chess,  oats,  &c.  Good  wheat  should  not  have  a half 
a pound  of  dirt  to  the  bushel. 

Two  forms  of  separators  are  shown  in  Figs.  3 and  4. 


Fig.  3. — SEPARATOR. 


14 


Fig.  4. — SEPARATOR. 

It  then  passes  through  the  “ smutter ” or  “scourer,” 
shown  in  the  illustrations  (Figs.  5 and  6).  The  object 
of  this  is  to  break  up  the  smut-balls  and  to  remove  the 
less  tightly  adhering  particles  of  dirt  from  the  outer 
part  of  the  berry.  As  you  will  see  by  the  illustrations, 


4 


Fig.  5. — SM UTTER. 


itf consists  of  an  upright  drum  revolving  in  a case  of 
perforated  metal.  Between  this  revolving  drum  and 
the  perforated  case  the  wheat  falls  ; the  rapidly  revolv- 
ing drum  breaking  up  the  smut-balls  and  effecting  a 
thorough  scouring  of  the  wheat  berries  among  and 
against  the  beaters  and  the  walls  of  the  perforated  case. 

A current  of  air  drawn  in  from  below  by  the  fan 
above  carries  this  dirt  through  the  perforations  in  the 
case  into  a surrounding  jacket,  and  out  of  the  building. 

It  is  desirable  to  effect  as  thorough  a cleaning  as 
possible  without  breaking  the  berries,  after  being  grad- 
ed in  size. 


i6 


Fig.  6. — section  of  smutter. 


In  some  mills  the  fuzz  or  beard  is  removed  by  caus- 
ing the  grain  to  pass  in  a perpendicular  position  between 
large  rotating  sandstone  disks  called  “ending  stones.”* 
While  the  scourer  effects  a most  satisfactory  change 
for  the  better  in  the  appearance  of  the  berry,  it  does 
not  remove  all  mechanically  adhering  dirt. 

* There  is  hardly  any  one  subject  upon  which  millers  differ  so  radically,  and 
dispute  so  rabidly,  as  this  one  question  of  ending  stones.  I may  say,  however, 
that  I do  not  know  of  any  of  our  mammoth  North-western  mills  that  use  them. 


17 


That  in  the  crease  seems  as  yet  indislodgeable  (if 
there  be  such  a word — and  if  there  is  not,  I shall  make 
it  to  order  and  use  it  while  new.) 

To  attack  this  (the  crease  dirt,  not  the  word)  the 
brushing  machine  is  employed.  It  is  similar  to  the 
smutter,  save  that  the  drum  consists  of  a cylindrical 
tampico  brush  revolving  in  close  contact  with  the  case. 
This  brush  gets  at  the  crease  dirt  and  largely  removes 
it,  besides  which  it  polishes  the  bran  coating,  so  that 
the  once  dull,  lifeless  wheat,  intermixed  with  all  kinds 
of  filth  and  other  impurities,  emerges  with  a bright  and 
smiling  face. 


Show,  end  viE* 

^ Brushes  and  BEATERS 
Combine0' 


Fig.  7. 


The  cut  (Fig.  7)  shows  the  cylinder  of  a combined 
smutter  and  brush  machine,  removed  from  the  case. 
Almost  any  cleaner  that  breaks  wheat  causes  a waste. 
The  wheat  cleaning  machine  should  be  placed  so  that 


i8 


it  can  be  easily  reached  and  carefully  looked  after  by 
the  miller.* 

There  is  no  use  in  saying  that  wheat  can  not  be 
cleaned  so  that  there  shall  be  no  fuzz  on  the  end  of 
the  grain,  because  this  not  only  can  be  done,  but  is  done 
every  day  in  many  mills.  The  fact  that  it  is  not  done 
in  nine  mills  out  of  ten  shows  that  there  is  room  for 
improvement  there. 

Among  the  changes  that  have  taken  place  in  the 
preparation  of  the  grain  may  be  mentioned  one  which 
is  dependent  upon  or  caused  by  the  change  in  the  mode 
of  harvesting. 

With  the  introduction  of  the  wire-binding  reaper 
came  a new  trouble  to  millers  ; the  presence,  in  the 
wheat,  of  sharply  pointed  bits  of  iron  and  steel  wire 
which  are  liable  to  strike  fire  when  they  reach  the 
buhrs,  and  thereby  to  cause  an  explosion  and  a fire,  or 
if  they  do  not  do  this  they  become  flattened  out  and 
like  tiny  knives  or  saws  cut  themselves  through  the 
thin  and  expensive  bolting  silk  used  in  covering  the 
reels.  To  get  rid  of  this  nuisance  the  magnet  was 
called  into  play. 

n the  passage  of  the  grain  through  spouts  in  which 
the  poles  of  U-shaped  magnets  project,  the  iron  and 
steel  particles  cling  to  the  magnets  and  may  be  removed 
at  intervals. 

Magnets  are  best  put  in  spouts  where  currents  of 
air  work  through  the  wheat. 

*No  general  rule  can  be  laid  down  as  to  where  the  cleaning  machinery  should 
be  placed.  This  must  be  determined  for  each  particular  mill,  according  to  the 
special  conditions  there  existing. 


19 


Curiously  enough  it  has  been  found  that  the  wire 
binder  is  not  responsible  for  all  the  iron  that  the  wheat 
contains,  for  the  magnets  are  found  to  remove  an  assort- 
ment of  particles  of  iron  and  steel  quite  enough  to 
constitute  a young  junk-shop.*  Among  these  may  be 
mentioned  rivets,  fragments  of  iron,  tacks  and  nails,  bits 
of  elevator  cups,  particles  of  iron  ore,  &c. 

The  next  thing  in  a well-regulated  mill  should  be  the 
grain  meter — a device  which  not  only  weighs  the 
amount  of  grain  used  by  the  mill,  but  measures  its  flow. 
By  this  the  miller  may  know  on  any  one  day  or  at  any 
one  hour  just  how  many  bushels  of  wheat  it  is  then 
taking  to  make  a barrel  of  flour,  so  that  if  he  see  on 
Monday  that  he  is  making  a barrel  from  four  bushels 
and  thirty  pounds  of  wheat,  and  on  Friday  that  four 
bushels  and  fifty  pounds  are  being  used,  he  may  search 
for  where  the  waste  is  and  rectify  it. 

I told  you  that  one  of  the  principal  troubles  with 
which  the  miller  had  to  contend  was  the  extreme  brit- 
tleness of  the  bran,  which  is  more— difficult  to  handle 
in  some  varieties  of  wheat  than  in  others,  and  at  some 
seasons  than  at  others. 

To  toughen  this  bran  is  desirable  ; to  make  the  grind- 
ing and  bolting  even  the  year  through  he  employs,  if 
he  is  using  millstones,  a heater,  the  passage  through 
which  immediately  precedes  the  entrance  of  the  wheat 
into  the  eye  of  the  millstone. 

* Of  course  the  magnets  will  not  take  out  brass  or  copper  wire,  though  some 
millers  expect  them  to.  These  do  not  strike  fire,  but  they  cause  trouble  by  cutting 
the  bolting  silks. 


20 


• In  tlirs  heater  the  stream  of  wheat  passes  between 
steam  heated  metallic  surfaces.  The  heat  draws  the 
moisture  from  the  interior  of  the  berry  and  effects  the 
toughening  of  the  bran.  The  wheat  heater  enables 
the  miller  to  get  a uniform  grade  of  flour  the  whole  year 
around.  Hard,  flinty,  and  dry  wheat  especially  need 
heating,  as  their  bran  is  always  brittle.  The  skin  is 
tough  only  so  long  as  hot. 

In  the  Western  and  Southern  States  it  was  at  one 
time  recently  customary  to  bring  live  steam  in  contact 
with  the  wheat,  but  this  operation  should  be  condemned, 
as  there  is  more  than  sufficient  moisture  in  the  berry 
itself  to  accomplish  the  desired  toughening. 

Heating  is  not  so  necessary  where  rolls  are  employed 
in  granulating,  as  where  buhr-stones  are  used  ; in  fact, 


2 


Fig.  9. — SECTION  OF  nordyke  & marmon’s  upper  runner  mill. 


one  trouble  sometimes  experienced  is  in  the  use  of 
heaters  for  gradual  roller  reduction.  It  is  that  after  the 
first  break,  and  especially  after  the  second  break,  it  be- 
comes pulverized  even  worse  than  if  heaters  were  not 
used.  But  for  buhr  milling,  to  meet  modern  demands, 
it  is  now  an  absolute  necessity. 

The  next  operation  is  grinding  or  granulation.  In 
the  buhr  mill  (or  “stone”  mill,)  there  are  employed  either 
upper  runner  stones,  that  is  those  in  which  the  upper 
stone  revolves,  and  the  lower  is  the  “ bed  ” or  station- 
ary stone,  or  under  runner  mills,  in  which  the  upper 
stone  is  fixed  and  the  under  one  rotates. 


22 


Vertical  stones  are  generally  for  portable  mills. 

In  my  remarks  I say  nothing  of  grinding  any  other 
material  than  wheat  (of  course  including  in  wheat  mill- 
ing the  grinding  of  middlings  and  the  cleaning  of 
bran). 

Usually,  when  the  upper  stone  is  the  runner,  it  oscil- 
lates upon  a point  on  the  top  of  the  vertical  spindle 
which  drives  it. 

The  connection  between  the  two  is  loose,  so  as  to 
allow  the  stone  to  oscillate  and  adapt  itself  somewhat 
to  any  lack  of  horizontality  of  the  bed-stone  or  any  in- 
clination or  eccentricity  of  the  spindle. 

One  of  the  most  improved  drivers  for  transmitting 
motions  from  the  rotating  spindle  to  the  bail  or  iron 
support  is  so  constructed  as  to  allow  a large  amount  of 
oscillation  and  adaptation  of  the  runner,  without  undue 
vibration,  tremor,  or  fitfulness  of  running. 


Fig.  io. — sergeant  driver. 

The  oscillating  upper  runner  is  the  oldest  known. 

In  the  upper  runner  the  pressure,  and  hence  the 
fineness  of  grinding  to  a certain  extent,  are  given  by 


the  weight  of  the  runner ; usually  fifteen  hundred  to 
two  thousand  pounds. 

In  the  under  runner  the  fineness  of  grinding  is  gov- 
erned solely  by  the  distance  between  the  buhrs,  which 
is  regulated  by  a screw. 

Under  runners  can  be  driven  faster  than  upper  ; 
they  can  use  a smaller  eye,  and  hence  grind  nearer  the 
centre ; and  they  choke  less. 

An  upper  runner  is  easier  to  take  up  and  down  than 
an  under  runner ; when  down  it  is  easier  to  adjust  than 
an  under  runner;  and  when  in  motion  it  adjusts  itself 


24 


better  to  foreign  bodies.  When  grinding  there  is  less 
pressure  on  the  step  than  with  the  under  runner;  the 
bush  is  less  intricate  and  more  durable;  but  the  under 
runner  has  the  greater  capacity  of  the  two. 

As  regards  the  question  of  stiff  or  oscillating  connec- 
tion, it  is  very  easy  for  any  miller  who  has  two  run  of 
buhrs  to  try  the  two  side  by  side  on  the  same  work,  and 
see  which  is  the  better. 

The  changes  which  have  taken  place  in  buhr  mill- 
stones employed  in  modern  milling  are,  first  in  the  ma- 
terial of  their  composition. 

This  hard,  porous,  silicious  stone  comes  from  a cer- 
tain district  in  France,  from  the  long  opened  and  long 
famous  quarries  of  La  Ferte-sous-Jouarre.  The  best 
of  these  are  rapidly  becoming  exhausted  from  the  drain 
upon  them  from  all  quarters  of  the  civilized  world,  so 
that  the  old  stock  is  becoming  scarcer  and  higher 
priced,  and  is  being  replaced  by  closer  and  harder 
“ new  stock  ” from  the  new  quarries,  not  so  good  for 
wheat. 

The  clear  white  and  sometimes  variegated  stone,  re- 
sembling marble,  is  among  the  best  for  all  uses,  being 
free  and  hard,  and  holding  an  edge  well ; the  yellowish 
is  by  most  millers  considered  the  worst,  and  has  a ten- 
dency to  glaze. 

Cream  light  and  drab  are  among  the  best. 

A good  millstone  is  told  by  its  even  grit,  even  tex- 
ture, even  openings,  and  even  color;  and  best  of  all  by 
its  close  resemblance  to  one  solid  piece  of  stone  with 
the  joints  hardly  distinguishable.  The  blocks  should 


25 


be  joined  the  entire  depth,  and  not  simply  with  a face 
joint.* 

No  matter  what  material  be  chosen,  the  stone  should 
be  built  up  of  blocks  of  equal  weight  and  porosity 
throughout,  and  as  far  as  possible  of  blocks  of  the  same 
size  in  the  same  part  of  the  stone.  In  the  runner  the 
block  should  be  of  the  same  size  or  thickness. 

The  size  of  the  millstones  is  being  decreased. 
Whereas  in  the  olden  times  stones  of  four  and  a half 
and  even  five  feet  in  diameter  were  used,  now  four  feet 
is  the  largest  size  employed,  and  three  and  a half  feet 
is  very  usual  in  certain  granulations. f 

We  find  under  runners  gradually  replacing  the 
upper,  especially  for  grinding  middlings. 

New  process  buhr  milling  properly  requires  as  many 
run  of  stone  on  middlings  as  on  wheat. 

o 

The  “ dress  ” of  the  stone,  that  is  the  mode  of  laying 
out  and  making  the  furrows,  and  grinding  surfaces,  has 
changed. 

Whereas  the  furrows  used  to  constitute  about  one- 
third  the  area  of  the  stone,  and  the  “ lands  ” or  level 
spaces  between  them  the  other  two-thirds ; now  it  is 
the  rule  to  put  in  as  much  furrow  and  as  little  land  as 
possible,  the  proportion  being  now  nearly  two-thirds 
furrows  to  one-third  land. 

Whereas  the  granulated  surfaces  were  once  care- 
fully cracked  or  finely  grooved  by  a skillful  dresser  with 

* There  are  very  few  mill  furnishers  able  and  honest  enough  to  make  and  sup- 
ply such  buhrs. 

f Middlings  stones  are  used  as  small  as  two  and  one-half  feet ; and  many 
portable  mills  have  vertical  buhrs  this  small. 


26 


Fig.  12. — GRISCOM  DIAMOND  dresser. 


a pick;  now  smooth  surfaces  are  more  in  vogue,  as 
tending  to  tear  the  bran  less. 

The  dress  of  the  millstone  is  a subject  on  which  no 
two  millers  seem  to  coincide,  except  where  they  agree 
that  each  variety  of  material,  each  kind  of  milling,  and 
each  kind  of  stone  require  a particular  dress.  A dress 
that  will  suit  140  revolutions  will  not  suit  175.  There 
are  over  two  hundred  different  kinds  of  dress  in  use, 
each  having  its  advocates.* 

But  no  matter  what  quality  of  face,  what  amount  of 
bosom,  what  draft  or  section  of  furrows  be  employed, 
the  work  must  be  perfect  of  its  kind. 


*A  special  paper  on  Millstone  Dressing,  by  the  author,  is  in  preparation. 


27 


Whereas  a heavy  pick  of  finely  tempered  steel, 
handled  by  an  expert  workman,  was  formerly  exclus- 
ively used  in  the  tedious  operations  of  reducing  the 
grinding  surface  to  a perfect  plane,  and  making  the 
furrows  accurate  in  depth,  width,  slope,  and  surface — 
now  the  diamond  dressing  machine,  which  is  really  a 
planing  machine  with  a diamond  tool,  is  largely  used  to 
effect  the  same  operation  in  at  least  one-fifth  of  the 
time. 

A rotating  emery  wheel  is  also  less  generally  em- 
ployed. The  makers  of  emery  wheel  millstone  dress-' 
ers  claim  for  their  machines  a smoother  furrow  and 
face,  and  a more  distinct  and  sharp  feather  edge  than 
by  other  modes  of  dress,  thus  making  a free  passa  e 
between  the  stones  and  through  the  furrows. 

They  claim  that  this  adds  to  the  quality  of  the  flour 
and  to  the  capacity  of  the  stones  thus  dressed,  and  re- 
quires less  wheat  to  make  a barrel  of  flour. 

It  is  also  claimed  that  the  bran  is  less  cut  and  pul- 
verized, that  there  is  less  bran  with  the  flour  and  less 
flour  with  the  bran. 


Fig.  13.— coplin  emery  wheel  dresser. 


Fir.  14. — deal’s  corundum  polisher. 


28 


As  regards  the  questions  of  economy  of  labor,  what 
two  men  would  do  in  a week  with  picks  one  man  with 
the  dresser  would  do  in  two  or  three  days,  thus  saving 
three  or  four  days’  work  of  the  stones  to  the  owner  of 
the  mill  and  eight  days’  wages. 

These  two  classes  of  machines  exist  in  great  varie- 
ty, and  are  rapidly  coming  into  favor  and  use. 

By  them,  less  skilled  mechanics  may  effect  better 
work  than  was  formerly  done  by  the  expert,  and  in 
one-fifth  the  time ; beside  which,  the  buhr  is  not  idle  so 
long. 

Blocks  of  emery  or  corundum  are  also  used  to 
sharpen  the  face  and  furrows. 

The  driver  was  formerly  a clumsy,  expensive  cast- 
iron  affair,  with  plenty  of  lost  motion  ; now  it  is  scien- 
tifically designed,  and  reinforced  by  steel  wearing 
points  and  with  mathematical  accuracy. 

The  mode  of  feeding  the  buhr-stone  was  formerly 
by  means  of  a shaking  shoe  and  damsel,  making  what 
was  then  considered  cheerful  music,  but  which  is  now 
conceded  to  have  been  an  awful  row.  Now  a quiet, 
adjustable  “ silent  feed  ” pours  its  steady  stream  into 
the  eye  of  the  stone. 

Formerly  there  was  trouble  from  the  heating  of  the 
millstones,  which  caused  killing  or  deadening  of  the 
flour,  also  from  accumulation  of  moisture  in  the  spout- 
ing, which  caused  clogging  of  the  bolting  silk,  and 
dampness  and  sourness  throughout  the  spouts.  There 
was  also  great  danger  from  fire  and  explosion  caused 
by  the  extremely  fine  dust,  which,  mixed  with  air  in 


29 


FlG.  15. — BEHRNS-BREHMER  EXHAUST. 


certain  proportions,  forms  a highly  inflammable  and 
explosive  mixture,  and  has  wrecked  many  a mill.  The 
introduction  of  the  wire  binder  increases  the  risk  in 
mills  having  no  magnets. 

Now  this  is  obviated  by  the  millstone  exhaust  which 
I show  you,  by  means  of  which  a current  of  air  is  drawn 
with  the  feed  through  the  eye  of  the  stone,  and  keeps 
the  chap  or  ground  product  cool  and  dry,  the  bolts 
free,  and  the  passages  sweet  and  devoid  of  putrefying 
matter ; besides  which  it  saves  a certain  amount  of 
somewhat  valuable  material. 

The  heating  of  the  chop  by  frictional  contact  with  the 
millstones  is  in  some  mills  cured  by  means  of  a chop 
cooler. 


30 


Now  let  us  see  what  the  problem  is  in  buhr  middlings 
milling,  and  how  to  solve  it. 

In  olden  times  the  chop  which  issued  from  the  mill- 
stone consisted  (we  will  suppose  well-cleaned  wheat  to 
be  .used),  first,  of  a large  percentage  of  flour,  among 
which  there  were  particles  of  bran  ; second,  of  mid- 
dlings Qr  imperfectly  ground  bits  of  berry,  mostly  con- 
sisting. of  the  portion  richest  in  gluten,  lying  next  the 
brain.  To  these  middlings,  particles  of  bran  and  flour 
adhered.  The  third  material  was  bran,  to  which  parti- 
cles of  flour  adhered. 

The  aim  of  the  miller  was  to  make  as  much  and  as 
white  flour,  as  large  and  as  clean  bran,  and  as  few  mid- 
dlings, as  possible,  because  these  middlings,  although 
the  most  valuable  portions  of  the  berry,  were  of  little 
use  to  him  except  as  feed,  by  reason  of  his  inability  to 
remove  from  them  the  particles  of  bran. 

Now-a-days  the  miller  has  had  solved  for  him  the 
difficulty  of  purifying  the  middlings  from  the  particles 
of  bran  adhering  to  and  mixed  among  them. 

Since  the  middlings  purifier  (which  we  shall  consider 
in  detail  further  on)  has  been  introduced,  the  aim  of 
the  miller  is  to  make  as  many  middlings  as  possible, 
to  make  them  as  sharp  and  granular  as  he  can,  to 
separate  the  other  products  from  them,  and  to  grind 
them  separately;  under  which  treatment  they  yield  the 
celebrated  “patent  flour,”  the  whitest  and  the  strongest 
that  can  be  made. 

I have  arranged  upon  the  table  here,  a complete 
line  of  specimens  of  material  from  the  stone  mill  of 


3i 


Welsh  Brothers,  at  Thirty- first  and  Market  streets. 
(When  I say  “stone  mill,”  I mean  a mill  employing 
buhr  stones  for  granulation.) 

To  my  left  you  will  note  a pile  of  the  uncleaned 
wheat,  and  to  the  right  of  it  two  piles,  one^or^i^;- 
ing  of  the  same  wheat  aft£r  it  has  been  suljjed^d 
the  civilizing  influences  of  the  separator,  the  -^mutter, 
and  the  brush,  the  other  being  an  extremely  un^ 
tractive  mass,  consisting  of  dirt  of  various  kind^jfoT^  y 
which  the  considerate  farmer  allowed  the  enterprising*-^ 
miller  to  pay  a cent  and  a half  a pound,  there  being 
very  likely  about  a pound  and  a half  of  it  to  the 
bushel. 

I shall  merely  remark  that  if  you  want  dirty  wheat, 
California  will  do. 

With  this  mass  we  will  have  little  further  to  do. 

To  the  right  of  the  cleaned  wheat  you  will  notice 
a pile  which  is  the  product  of  the  granulation  of  the 
second  wheat.  It  is  the  “chop”  sometimes  called 
“ Graham.” 

It  is  not  a homogeneous  mass,  but  contains,  as  I 
have  said  before,  flour,  fine  bran  specks,  middlings, 
and  bran  flakes,  of  various  sizes,  from  one  side  of 
which  I can  scrape,  beat,  or  brush  a certain  quantity 
of  flour. 

To  the  right  of  this  pile  of  chop  I have  three  piles 
made  by  separating  these  materials,  and  consisting 
of  undusted  bran,  unpurified  middlings,  and  unbolted 
flour. 

The  next  problem  of  the  miller  is  to  get  the  flour 


Fig.  i 6. — Richmond  city  bjlting  chest. 


33 


and  the  bran  separately  from  the  middlings,  and  to 
get  the  bran  specks  out  of  the  flour.  The  latter  task 
he  generally  accomplishes  by  means  of  a rotating  reel, 
almost  horizontal,  covered  with  fine  silk  cloth,  the 
meshes  of  which  vary  in  size  from  the  head  to  the 
foot  of  the  reel. 

I show  you  one  of  the  most  improved  bolting  chests, 
in  which  the  reels  and  the  screw  conveyors  rotate ; 
also  a section  of  one  on  a new  principle,  the  bolting 
silk  being  on  a stationary  screen,  and  the  chop  being 
thrown  against  it. 

o 


Fig.  17. — section  of  shuttleworth  chest. 


Throughout  the  meshes  of  the  silk  covering  of  the 
rotating  reel  the  flour  passes,  the  finest  at  one  end  and 
the  coarsest  at  the  other. 

No.  15  bolting  cloth,  now  in  common  use,  contains 


34 


2i,QP4  meshes  to  the  English  square  inch;  No.  20 
(not  often  used)  contains  29,929.* 

Of  course  a certain  amount  of  bran  specks  pass 
through  the  coarsest  meshes.  Bran,  besides  darken- 
ing the  floor,  produces  fermentation,  making  sugar  and 
gum  in  the  bread,  hence  giving  it  a dark  color. 

What  tails  over  is  in  this  case  of  very  little  value, 
because  we  have  supposed  the  large  bran  flakes  to 
have  been  scalped  out  before.  A bird  in  eating  a 
grain  of  wheat  always  rejects  the  bran. 

To  get  the  flour  off  the  bran  scales,  they  must  be 
handled  tenderly,  because,  if  beaten  or  brushed  thor- 
oughly, the  edges  of  the  particles  will  chip  off  and  dis- 
color the  bran  flour. 

This  bran  flour  may  be  removed,  first,  by  passing  the 
uncleaned  bran  between  millstones  and  then  bolting ; 
second,  by  whipping  or  beating  machines  such  as  are 
employed  for  breaking  up  quartz  ores ; third,  by  large 
brushing  machines  of  which  I now  show  one  on  the 
screen,  and  which  are  somewhat  similar  to  those  em- 
ployed for  effecting  the  final  cleaning  of  the  bran. 

The  middlings  are  generally  “ dusted  ” or  “ disinte- 
grated ” to  remove  the  particles  of  adhering  flour. 
They  then  pass  through  a machine  called  a purifier, 
which  has  done  more  to  revolutionize  milling  than  has 
any  other  class  of  machines  in  the  mill. 

In  the  middlings  purifier  there  are  employed  two 
modes  of  separation — sieving  and  air-flotation. t 

* There  are  few  articles  in  which  sophistication  is  so  common  as  bolting  silk. 
None  but  leading  brands  should  be  purchased,  and  these  only  of  well-known  and 
reliable  houses. 

f Frictional  electricity  is  now  being  tried  as  a means  of  middlings  purification. 


35 


Pig,  j 8, 


This  reddish  mass  of  unpurified  middlings  contains 
particles  which  differ  in  size,  in  shape,  and  in  specific 
gravity.  They  are  fed  down  a slightly  inclined  length- 
wise shaking  screen,  covered  with  bolting  silk  of  vary- 
ing coarseness,  the  finest  at  the  head. 

Through  this  screen  comes  from  below  a current  of 
air  adjustable  in  quantity,  direction,  and  velocity  which' 
passes  through  the  thin  even  layer  of  middlings  lying 
upon  and  traveling  down  the  screen,  and  lifts  and  floats, 
off  the  offal  or  fine  bran  dust. 

The  fine  middlings  pass  through  the  fine  meshes  at: 
the  head,  while  the  coarse  purified  middlings  pass, 
through  those  at  the  foot. 

Some  material  tails  over  to  be  re-handled,,  and  the 
offal  goes  into  the  stive  room. 

If  the  middlings  purifier  be  well  adapted  to  the  work, 
the  fine  offal  will  contain  very  little  fine  flour,  but  will 
be  perfectly  valueless  except  for  feed. 

In  the  purifier  every  provision  is  made  to  grade  the 


36 


currents  of  air  to  suit  the  materials  handled,  the  aim  of 
the  miller  being  to  produce  middlings  which  are  as  hard 
and  granular,  and  as  little  flaky  as  possible. 

Middlings  require  careful  handling  to  avoid  breaking 
them  up.  The  miller  must  adapt  the  silk  cloth  and  air 
current  of  the  purifier  to  the  material  which  he  is 
handling.  Often  purifiers  are  given  uneven  middlings 
to  work  on,  and  then  blamed  for  poor  work. 

Other  things  being  equal,  hard  spring  wheat  and 
“new  process  ” milling  make  larger  and  sharper  mid- 
dlings than  soft  winter  wheat  and  “old  process,”  and 
require  a closer  cloth  and  stronger  air  current  in  the 
purifier. 

Brownish  middlings  are  heavier  than  white  ones. 

The  fibre  in  middlings  is  often  so  fine  as  to  be  made 
brown  only  by  the  red  shade. 


37 


Soft  returns  from  rolls,  tailings,  and  finished  mid- 
dlings are  hard  to  purify. 

The  changes  in  the  bolts  rendered  necessary  by  the 
modern  systems  of  milling  are  more  silk  surface  and 
finer  meshes,  reels  of  less  length  and  diameter,  and 
an  entire  difference,  which  I can  not  explain  in  a mere 
general  outline,  in  the  operations  of  the  entire  mounting 
and  arrangement  of  the  reels  and  in  the  systems  of 
bolting. 

The  American  and  Hungarian  millers  use  more  silk 
bolting  surface  than  the  English. 

The  spiral  conveyors  below  the  reels  carry  the  ma- 
terial outward  and  along.  By  means  of  suitable  cut-off 
slides,  the  miller  can  spout  off  separately  the  material 
that  passes  through  any  portion- of  the  length  of  reel. 

There  is  this  thing  that  can  be  said  in  favor  of  buhr- 
stones : — Nine  out  of  ten  that  have  been  working 
during  the  last  twenty  years  have  been  badly  hung, 
ignorantly  dressed,  and  wrongly  run,  and  notwithstand- 
ing this,  they  have  done  nearly  all  the  flouring  in  the 
world.  If  this  device,  so  improperly  cared  for  and 
handled,  is  capable  of  doing  so  much  and  so  good  work 
as  the  stone  has  done,  much  better  can  be  done  in  the 
future  when  people  better  understand  it,  and  with  in- 
creased demand  for  it,  increases  its  range  and  ca- 
pacity. 

The  millstone  must  be  given  not  only  a perfect  stand- 
ing balance,  but  a perfect  running  balance,  so  that  no 
portion  of  it  shall  tend  to  tip. 


38 


The  spindle  must  be  well  made  and  accurately  set, 
and  the  bush  or  followers  in  which  its  upper  end  runs 
must  be  adjustable  to  suit  any  inclination  or  eccentri- 
city. 

To  secure  perfectly  steady,  even  motion,  and  freedom 
from  the  evils  of  backlash,  which  are  caused  by  irregu- 
larity in  gears,  slipping  of  belts,  and  by  the  uneven 
action  of  the  crank  when  steam  is  used  as  a motive 
power,  it  is  best  to  have  an  “ anti-backlash  spring  ” 
upon  the  spindle. 

It  is  impossible  to  do  sharp,  cool,  clean,  and  even 
grinding  unless  the  stone  be  in  perfect  face.  To  pro- 
duce a geometrically  accurate  face  in  a practical  and 
simple  manner  by  an  instrument  that  is  easily  handled 

4 

and  applied,  and  will  neither  require  truing  nor  permit 
of  bad  work  being  done  with  it,  I have  devised  an  im- 
proved triangular  iron  paint  staff,  which  has  the  sim- 
plicity of  the  ordinary  red  staff,  the  strength  and  accu- 
racy of  the  circular  iron  device,  and  the  ease  of  appli- 
cation of  the  wooden  circle  staff.  It  proves  three 
narrow  beds,  as  the  miller  always  does  with  his  straight 
red-stick  ; but  there  is  no  possibility  of  these  beds  being 
out  of  plane  with  one  another.  It  reaches  every  inch 
of  the  burr  face,  always  applying  the  inexorable  “ tri- 
angular proofs.”  * 

* This  device  (price  sixty  dollars,  boxed  and  delivered  on  cars  or  boat)  is  made 
at  the  Newton  Machine  Tool  Works,  2341  Callowhill  Street,  Philadelphia. 


HIGH  ROLLER  MILLING* 


I shall  next  speak  of  high  roller  milling  ; that  is,  mid- 
dlings milling  in  which  rollers  are  exclusively  or  largely 
used  for  all  the  various  purposes  of  granulation,  mid- 
dlings grinding,  and  bran  dusting. 

The  essential  features  of  the  so-called  Hungarian 
system  are : — 


First. — A thorough  separation,  scouring,  and  brush- 
ing. 

Second. — -The  passage,  of  the  wheat  between  five 
pairs  of  differentially  speeded  rolls,  having  corrugations 

inch  of 


increasing  in  number  from  about  eight  per  ii 

* ' • > - 1 « » • ■»  ' j*  Jj  j ’ 

circumference  to  about  thirty.1 


Third. — Separation  of  the  bran  from  these  breaks 
by  aspiration. 

Fourth. — The  grading  and  purifying  of  the  middlings. 

Fifth. — The  sizing  of  the  large  middlings  between 
equally  speeded  chilled  rolls,  which  also  flatten  the 
germ. 

Sixth. — Reduction  of  the  purified  middlings  by  dif- 
ferentially speeded  biscuit  rolls. 

Seventh . — Bolting  the  products  of  the  above  opera- 
tions. 


* This  was  the  title  of  the  second  address,  in  which  the  general  remarks  of  the 
first  evening  were  recapitulated  for  the  benefit  of  those  who  were  not  present  the 
week  before. 


(39) 


40 


It  is  claimed  that  the  system  is  effected  with  twen- 
ty-five per  cent,  less  power,  gives  twenty  pounds  ex- 
tra yield  per  barrel,  and  raises  the  grade  of  all  the  flour 
made. 

As  I said  before,  the  materials  used  in  the  construc- 
tion of  rolls  are  chilled  iron  and  steel,  homogeneous 
porous  cast  iron  and  steel,  biscuit  (miscalled  porce- 
lain), and  stone. 

The  chilled  iron  or  steel  rollers  (generally  chilled 
iron),  are  made  either  plain  or  grooved;  and  the  grooves 
may  be  straight  (that  is,  parallel  with  the  axis  of  the 
rollers),  or  rifled,  that  is,  having  a twist  which  prevents 
those  of  one  roll  catching  in  those  of  another  * 


The: grooved  rolls  a**e  for  the l stacking-,  granulating 
and  bran  dressing;  the  plain  rolls  are  for  reducing 

u r i , ^ o ' , ■ ' jj  j, , ,r  i 

middlings  of  vanoiis*  sizes  down  to  uniform  size. 

C t « ‘ 1 1 1 


These  chilled  iron  rolls  should  be  of  faultless  mate- 
rial and  surface,  and  so  hard  that  a file  will  not  scratch 
them. 

The  biscuit  rolls  are  of  a gritty  porous  porcelain,  and 
very  hard.  They  are  in  length  about  seventeen  inches 
by  nine  in  diameter.  They  make  250  revolutions  per 
minute,  and  with  a six  inch  belt,  giving  three-horse 
power  at  that  speed,  they  will  grind  into  flour  320 
pounds  of  middlings  per  hour. 

I use,  and  insist  upon,  the  word  biscuit,  because  por- 
celain is  properly  biscuit  ware  which  has  been  glazed, 
and  biscuit  is  unglazed  porcelain. 


* Soft  wheats  require  more  twist  in  the  grooves  than  hard. 


4i 


These  biscuit  rolls  are  very  hard.  They  are  not 
affected  by  chemical  actions.  Being  gritty,  they  do  not 
cake  the  middlings  that  pass  between  them ; and  they 
feed  easier  than  metallic  rolls. 

Stone  rolls  are  either  furrowed  with  longitudinal 
grooves,  or  plain,  according  to  the  uses  for  which  they 
are  intended. 

The  rolls  with  spiral  corrugations  are  from  twenty- 
four  to  thirty  inches  in  length  and  nine  in  diameter ; 
they  have  from  eight  to  thirty  corrugations  per  inch,  the 
larger  corrugations  being  for  the  first  or  coarser  break. 

The  sections  of  these  corrugations  vary  very  largely. 

Sometimes  they  are  of  the  outline  of  a rip-saw  tooth, 
sometimes  like  those  of  the  Franklin  Institute  screw 
thread,  that  is,  a V with  the  top  and  bottom  cut  off: 
sometimes  a gentle  wave,  sometimes  deep  waves,  and 
sometimes  rounded  ribs  with  flat  spaces  between  them.* 

Generally  these  rolls  work  in  pairs  one  against  an- 
other, and  they  may  have  rotation  either  in  the  same 
direction  or  in  different  directions,  and  either  with  an 
equal  speed  or  with  differential  speeds. 


Figs.  20,  21. — grooved  rolls.  (Allis.) 


* The  softer  the  wheat,  the  more  need  of  roundness  in  the  ribs. 


42 


When  they  have  differential  speeds,  the  fast  roll  has 
its  corrugations  or  teeth  pointing  downwards,  as  you 
will  see  by  Fig.  2 1 ; and  makes,  say,  two  and  a half 
rotations  to  one  of  the  slow  roll,  in  which  the  teeth 
point  upwards. 

The  pressure  between  these  rolls  should  be  light. 

For  a mill  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  to  one  hundred 
and  seventy-five  barrels  capacity  per  twenty-four  hours, 
there  are  required  five  to  six  grooved  rolls  and  two  to 
three  smooth  ones.* 


Fig.  22. — gray  roller  frame.  (E.  P.  Allis  & Co.,  Milwaukee,  Wis.) 


* Soft  and  mixed  wheats  take  more  breaks  than  unmixed  hard. 


43 

The  different  materials  which  are  fed  to  the  corru- 
gated rolls  are  whole  wheat,  cracked  wheat,  and  bran.* 
The  smooth  metal  rolls  get  large  middlings,  which 
are  to  be  sized  and  degermed ; that  is,  the  various  bits 


the  germs  which  are  mixed  with  them  flattened,  so  that 
they  can  be  bolted  out  easily. 

The  porcelain  rolls  are  used  for  grinding  the  sized 
and* degermed  middlings  into  patent  flour. 

* In  altering  a stone  mill  to  the  roller  system,  gradually,  the  bran  rolls  are 
generally  the  first  put  in. 


44 


Figs.  22,  23,  and  24  show  the  most  generally  used 
construction  of  the  roll  frames. 

And  now  having  run  over  the  construction  of  the 
rolls,  I shall  come  back  to  the  subject  of  gradual  re- 
duction by  means  of  rollers. 

On  the  table  on  the  left  you  see  arranged  a complete 
series  of  all  the  products  and  materials  in  the  new 
process  buhr  mills. 

You  will  note  that  the  piles  of  the  material  diverge 
constantly ; it  is  an  expanding  series. 

On  the  right  I have  arranged  an  equally  complete 
line  of  materials  from  a new  roller  mill  recently  started 
in  Buffalo,*  and  you  will  note  that  for  a large  distance 


* By  courtesy  of  Messrs.  John  T.  Noye  & Sons,  Buffalo. 


45 


there  is  a continuous  line  which  on  closer  inspection  is 
found  to  consist  of  broken  particles  of  the  wheat  ber- 
ry, to  which  the  bran  still  adheres. 

At  first  you  will  notice  the  uncleaned  wheat,  next 
the  cleaned  wheat  and  the  dust,  which  is  thrown  away ; 
next,  what  is  termed  the  first  break,  that  is  the  result  of 
passing  the  whole  wheat  from  a pair  of  rolls  having 
eight  corrugations  to  the  inch. 

The  result  of  this  first  break  is  to  split  the  berry 
lengthwise,  and  otherwise  break  it  into  large  pieces, 
liberating  the  germ  and  the  crease  dirt,  and  making  a 
small  portion  of  flour  of  not  very  high  grade. 

The  cracking  yield  this  first  germ,  dirty  flour,  and 
inferior  semolina  or  middlings. 

This  first  break  is  passed  through  a little  scalping 
reel  from  which  the  large  pieces  go  to  the  second  break, 
in  which  the  rolls  have  ten  corrugations  to  the  inch, 
and  are  set  a little  closer. 

The  same  operation  is  repeated  until  five  breaks 
have  been  accomplished,  and  as  the  result  from  scalp- 
ing the  product  of  the  fifth  break,  you  have  the  bran 
which  then  passes  to  the  bran  rolls. 

Observe  then  that  in  this  gradual  reduction  system, 
there  is  made  at  each  break  only  a very  small  portion 
of  flour  and  a certain  amount  of  middlings. 

The  aim  is  to  make  as  little  break  flour,  as  many  as 
sharp  middlings,  and  as  large,  clean,  light  bran  as  pos- 
sible. 

How  well  this  task  has  been  accomplished  any  miller, 


46 


in  fact  any  one  of  this  audience  can  judge  by  inspec- 
tion of  the  piles  of  samples.* 

The  quantity  of  break  flour  made  in  the  five  breaks 
is  about  twenty-five  per  cent,  in  most  mills  ; in  this 
mill  we  are  assured  that  it  does  not  exceed  fifteen  per 
cent. 

In  the  proper  breaking  lies  the  whole  secret  of  suc- 
cessful milling  by  gradual  reduction. 

The  number,  section,  amount  of  twist,  and  distance 
apart  of  the  grooves,  are  all  the  object  of  careful 
investigation,  study,  and  experiment. 

Each  variety  of  wheat  should  be  milled  by  itself. 
Theoretically,  each  variety  requires  or  should  have  a 
certain  section  and  twist. 

It  would  be  better  if  possible  that  berries  of  a size 
should  be  broken  together.  Large  berries  make  the 
best  flour.  American  wheat  is  drier  than  foreign. 

The  “Theiss”  wheat  from  Hungary  is  probably  the 
best  for  the  miller.  “ Clawson  ” and  “ Fultz  ” are 
varieties  yielding  well  for  the  farmer,  but  abhorred  by 
the  miller  and  baker,  as  they  are  starchy  and  difficult 
to  handle,  and  make  poor  flour,  unless  specially  milled 
by  most  careful  treatment.^ 

When  it  comes  to  bran  cleaning  it  must  be  remem- 
bered that  bran  is  not  tough,  it  requires  very  careful 
handling,  and  for  such  ponderous  machines,  weighing 
as  they  do  three  thousand  two  hundred  pounds,  to 

*Some  of  the  bran  flakes  were  so  well  cleaned  that  it  was  not  easy  to  t$ll 
which  was  the  outer  side. 

f The  author  will  be  glad  to  communicate  with  those  wishing  to  know  how  to 
get  flour  of  good  yield,  strength,  and  color,  from  Clawson,  Fultz,  or  similar 
starchy  wheats. 


47 


handle  such  tender  andbrittle  material  so  lightly,  and 
clean  it  so  effectively,  speaks  high  for  the  patience, 
ingenuity,  and  skill  of  the  inventors  who  devise,  and 
the  mill  furnishers  who  construct  these  machines. 

The  middlings  which  are  made  should  be  as  round, 
sharp,  and  granular  as  possible,  and  not  flaky.  The 
softer  and  flakier  they  are,  the  more  difficult  they  are 
to  purify. 

Those  from  winter  wheat  are  for  this  reason  more 
difficult  to  handle  than  those  from  hard  spring. 

Before  going  to  the  purifier  the  middlings  should  be 
dusted  to  remove  from  any  adhering  flour,  and  if  the 
mill  is  at  all  a large  one  they  should  be  graded  into  at 
least  three  sizes,  each  of  which  should  be  treated 
separately. 

The  Hungarians,  who  make  from  six  to  thirteen 
grades  of  flour  in  one  mill,  make  from  ten  to  twenty 
grades  of  middlings  and  handle  each  separately,  which 
unduly  complicates  the  system.  As  our  market  does 
not  demand,  and  in  fact  would  not  take  so  many  grades 
of  flour,  it  is  better  that  we  do  not  make  over  two  or 
three  grades  of  middlings. 

The  advantages  claimed  for  the  Hungarian  system 
of  gradual  reduction  roller  milling,  are  that  it  makes 
broader  and  cleaner  bran ; that  in  granulation  there 
being  only  a line  of  contact  instead  of  a large  area,  the 
grinding  is  cool,  hence  the  flour  is  livelier;  that  there 
are  more,  rounder,  and  sharper  middlings  and  little 
germ  flour ; that  the  rollers  require  comparatively  little 
care  ; that  they  have  less  individuality  and  trickiness 
(a  fault  which  seems  inseparable  from  the  use  of 


buhr-stones) ; that  they  are  easy  to  mount,  to  drive,  to 
start,  and  to  regulate;  that  they  have  positive  motion; 
that  the  system  permits  more  frequent  reductions  with 
the  same  plant ; that  the  bearings  run  cool ; that  there 
is  less  damage  to  the  rolls,  if  any,  from  light  feed  ; that 
they  are  easy  to  feed  ; that  the  accuracy  of  the  grinding 
surface  is  easily  and  definitely  proved ; that  they  take 
less  power  to  make  a given  amount  of  flour;  that 
rollers  consume  only  eight  to  ten  horse  power  per  bar- 
rel of  flour  per  hour,  while  buhr-stones  will  average 
at  least  ten  to  twelve,  and  even  fifteen. 

The  consumption  of  fuel  in  a good  roller  mill  de- 
pends, of  course,  upon  the  boiler,  which  develops  and 
the  engine  which  utilizes  the  steam,  as  well  as  upon 
the  character  of  the  fuel  itself ; but  it  may  be  stated 
broadly  that  the  amount  of  coal  consumed  is  from 
twenty-five  to  forty  pounds  per  barrel  of  flour.* 

It  is  claimed  that  the  differential  motion  of  the  rolls 
gives  one-third  more  output  for  the  same  power  than 
where  they  have  the  same  speed  and  motion. 

The  disadvantages  of  rollers  are  that  you  can  not 
change  the  dress  in  a day  to  suit  the  character  of  any 
new  material  which  you  may  wish  to  grind  ; that  they 
must  be  dressed  at  a distance  by  special  machinery 
instead  of  in  the  mill  by  your  own  men ; and  that  the 
system  is  as  yet  not  applicable  to  mills  of  less  capacity 
than  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  or  perhaps  one 
hundred  barrels  of  flour  in  twenty-four  hours. 

* E.  P.  Allis  & Co.,  claim  the  minimum  coal  consumption ; 22.4  lbs.  of  coal 
per  barrel  of  flour.  This  is  in  a large  mill,  using  a Reynolds-Corliss  automatic 
cut-off  engine,  condensing. 


r* — v\/'-  - --  . ■ '}'  S ~Z//.  / £y  9 >'/.  . " ’/••  ' A-L, — 1, 

I V/V  fa?;sw%  '^777777*.  ’ 1 ? 1 , L- *, 


Fig.  25. — deseronto  mills,  Canada.  (Designed  and  equipped  by  J.  T.  Noye  & Sons,  Buffalo.) 


5i 


Figs.  25  and  26  show  two  sections  of  an  approved 
mill  of  modern  construction,  recently  erected  in  Canada 
to  run  largely  with  the  Stevens  round-groove  rollers. 


Fig.  27. — part  view  of  Jonathan  mills’  gradual  reduction  disk. 

In  Fig.  27  is  shown  the  dress  of  the  Jonathan 
Mills’  iron  gradual  reduction  disks.  They  are  made  by 


Fig.  28.— section  of  Jonathan  mills’  gradual  reduction  disks,  showing 

IDEAL  SPLITTING  OF  BERRY. 

Chisholm  Bros.,  Chicago.  Fig.  28  shows  in  section 
their  action.  I hope  to  have  occasion,  in  the  near 
future,  to  address  you  in  detail  upon  the  practical 
workings  of  the  Mills  gradual  reduction  system,  which 
is  attracting  much  attention  in  our  great  West. 


SEVEN  RUN  MILL  OF  THE  RICHMOND  CITY  MILL  WORKS. 

| ^The  illustrations  given  herewith  show  a New  Process  stone-mill  especially  designed  to  make  the  entire 
product  a straight  grade  of  a high  quality.  There  are  five  run  of  buhrs  for  wheat,  and  two  for  mid- 
dlings ; four  purifiers,  one  bran  duster,  two  flour  packers,  one  bran  packer,  one  pair  of  bran  rolls,  one 
pair  of  middlings  rolls,  thirteen  elevators,  sixteen  reels  arranged  in  two  eight-reel  chests,  and  one 
separate  reel  for  grading.  The  wheat  goes  from  the  stock  bins  to  the  five  wheat  stones.  The  product 
of  the  five  runs  is  equally  divided  between  the  two  upper  reels  in  the  upper  chest,  there  being  one 
elevator  for  each.  These  upper  reels  are  clothed  to  take  a part  of  the  flour  off  at  the  head,  and  all 
middlings  off  at  the  tail.  The  middlings  which  come  from  the  tail  of  the  two  upper  reels  are  dusted 
in  the  lower  reels,  and  then  pass  through  the  grader  to  the  several  purifiers.  After  purification, 
the  middlings  go  to  the  two  runs  of  middlings  stones,  and  are  then  bolted  separately  on  five  reels  ot 
the  other  eight-reel  chest,  arranged  precisely  like  those  in  the  first  chest.  Two  reels  in  the  same  chest 
are  used  for  the  products  from  the  rolls,  and  all  flour  is  finished  on  the  remaining  reel,  anti  thoroughly 
mixed  before  going  to  the  packers ; or,  if  desired,  that  portion  of  the  flour  made  from  the  middlings 
is  packed  separately  as  a patent  brand. 


SEVEN  RUN  BUHR  MILL. 

(Richmond  City  Mill  Works.) 


In  Press. 

COMPLETE  MILLER,  MILLWRIGHT, 
and  MILL  FURNISHER. 

BY  ROBERT  GRIMSHAW. 

GIVING  FULL  PRACTICAL  DETAILS 

FOR 

BUILDING,  EQUIPPING,  AND  SUCCESSFULLY 
RUNNING  A MODERN  FLOURING  MILL. 


Planning,  Building,  Motive  Power,  Transmission,  Gran- 
ulation by  Buhrs  and  Rollers,  Mounting  the  Buhrs, 
Buhr  Dressing,  Rollers,  Bolting,  Middlings  Purify- 
ing, Making  Corn  Meal  and  Various  Products;  Alter- 
ing Mills,  Tools  and  their  Uses,  Mill-wrighting, 
Tables  and  Recipes. 


OCTAVO  PAGES.  300  ILLUSTRATIONS.  STRONGLY  BOUND  IN  CLOTH. 


PRICE  ONLY  $6. 


No  such  work  has  ever  before  been  produced.  It  has  been  prepared  with 
the  assistance  of  the  most  eminent  and  successful  millers, 
mill  wrights,  and  mill-furnishers  of  the  day. 

All  orders  may  be  addressed,  enclosing  the  price,  six  dollars,  to 

ROBERT  GRIMSHAW, 

222  South  Eighth  Street,  Philadelphia* 


ABSTRACT  OF  OFFICIAL  REPORT 


Read  by  Mr.  Nicholas  Elies  > Chairman  of  Committee  on  Mill  Machinery , before 
the  National  Millers'  Association  at  the  Convention  held  at  Grand  Pacific 
Hotel , in  Chicago , June  yth,  1881. 


* * * “Hafner’s  Springs  and  Pulleys.— This  simple  and 

yet  very  effective  device  for  prevention  of  backlash,  &c.,  is  a matter  about  which 
I have  had  many  letters  from  parties  using  the  Hafner’s  Equilibrium  Driving  Pulley 
with  Spring  Attachment,  and  all  certify  that  it  is  a good  and  valuable  device, 
preventing  all  strain  on  spindles,  and  overcoming  the  backlash  so  common  in  the 
use  of  cog  or  belt  gearing.  To  those  millers  who  are  troubled  with  backlash  in 
their  gearing,  I would  advise  a trial  of  these  devices  and  will  say  that  they  will 
be  pleased  with  it,  and  a relief  will  certainly  be  found  by  its  use.  * * * * 

“NICHOLAS  ELLES, 

"Chairman." 


Equilibrium  Driving  Pulley  for  Mill  $pindles. 


PREVENTS  SIDE  PULL 
ON  SPINDLE  BY  BELT. 


UNIFORM  AND  ELASTIC 
TENSION  ON  BURR. 

EASILY  APPLIED. 


Eureka  Eoil  5pr’ng  f°r  Spindles. 

Can  be  applied  above  or  below  Pinion. 

This  is  the  Spring  of  which 
D.  R.  Sparks , President  Illinois 
Millers ’ A ssocia tion , says : “We 
ARE  ONLY  SORRV  THAT  WE  DJO 
NOT  GET  THEM  AT  FIRST.” 

Write  for  Illustrated  Catalogue  and  any  desired  information  to 

JOHN  A.  HAFNER,  39  Water  Street,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 


WELCH’S 

IMPROVED  WHEAT  HEATER 

WITH  STEAMING  ATTACHMENT. 


First  Premium,  Millers’  International  Exhibition. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  HEATER. 

PP. — Conical  coil  of  pipe. 

C. — Hollow  iron  cone. 

AA. — Channel  between  coil  and  cone. 

BB. — Filled  with  asbestos. 

F. — Steam  valve.  Can  be  used  at  pleasure. 

O. — Waste  steam. 

The  wheat  enters  this  machine  through  one 
opening,  passes  down  the  channel  marked  A A 
between  the  conical  coil  PP  and  the  iron  cone  C 
(notched),  spreading  out  and  passing  through  a 
series  of  openings  in  the  bottom,  is  there  caught 
in  hopper  E and  led  to  the  buhrs,  the  bran  being 
thoroughly  toughened  on  every  grain. 

By  the  conical  shape  of  the  pipe  and  chamber, 
every  grain  of  wheat  must  come  in  contact  with 
both  the  coil  and  cone,  and  thereby  be  evenly  and 
thoroughly  heated ; the  notches  in  the  cone  cause 
the  wheat  to  turn  over  and  over  as  it  passes  down. 
This  machine,  being  packed  between  the  coil  and 
jacket  with  asbestos,  prevents  radiation  of  heat. 


DIMENSIONS  OF  HEATER. 

Inlet  Valve, inch. 

Exhaust  Valve, ft  “ 

Length  of  Heater, 21  inches. 

“ Funnel, 5 “ 

Entire  Length 26%  “ 

Opening  at  Bottom, 3 “ 


ADVANTAGES  OF  WELCH’S  WHEAT  HEATER. 

First. — Its  peculiar  construction  insures  the  even  heating  of  every 
grain  of  wheat. 

Second. — Being  packed  between  coil  and  jacket  with  asbestos,  no 
heat  escapes,  but  is  concentrated  on  the  wheat. 

Third. — It  uses  the  least  possible  amount  of  steam,  as  no  heat  is 
lost. 

Fourth. — The  outside  of  the  Heater  is  comparatively  cool. 

Fifth. — It  will  both  STEAM  and  HEAT  wheat. 

Sixth. — The  flour  is  whiter,  and  yield  greater.  The  Middlings 
purer  and  whiter,  and  the  Bran  broader. 

Seventh. — It  is  built  on  scientific  principles. 

Eighth. — The  cone  being  Cast  Iron,  produces  a moist  heat — a heat 
that  is  far  superior  for  heating  wheat  to  that  produced  by  any  other 
metal. 


REFERENCES  CHEERFULLY  GIVEN  ON  APPLICATION 
TO  MILLS  USING  OUR  HEATER. 


.A..  B_  BOWMAN,  Manufacturer, 

No.  703  Market  Street,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 


ROBERT  GRIMSHAW’S 

ENGINEERING# EXPERT  OFFICES, 

222  S.  EIGHTH  ST.,  PHILADELPHIA. 


fry 


Examinations  and  Tests;  Reports  and  Advices ; 
Searches,  Investigations  and  Improve- 
ments; Design  and  Purchase 
of  Machines,  &e. 


SPECIALTIES: 

FUEL,  and  LABOR  SAYING,  WOOD  and  STONE  WORKING, 
GRAIN  CLEANING  and  FLOURING  MACHINERY; 
LUBRICATION  ; TRANSMISSION  ; BRICKMAKING  and 
SAWING  MACHINERY;  MANUFACTURE  of  BEET  SU- 
GAR, ARTIFICIAL  FUEL,  &c. ; ARTIFICIAL  COLD. 


COMPETENT  ASSISTANTS ; RELIABLE  FOREIGN 
CORRESPONDENTS.  ALL  MATTERS  VERI- 
FIED BY  MR.  GRIMSHAW  IN  PERSON. 

MILL  MACHINERY,  &c. 

Purchased  under  guarantee  for  the  best  interests  of  the 

BUYER, 

and  with  special  reference  to  the  particular  circumstances 
under  which  work  is  to  be  performed. 


In  sending  specimens  to  be  tested  for  tensile,  torsional,  shearing  or  crushing 
strength,  or  in  any  other  manner,  Mark  each  Sample,  if  possible,  as  well  as  the 
entire  package,  with  your  name  and  address;  Prepay  all  express  Charge*:  .Mail 
the  Fees  and  Letter  of  Advice,  stating  just  what  and  how  many  tests  are  to  be 
made,  whether  or  not  the  specimens  are  to  be  returned,  and  whether  results  are  to  be 
published  or  kept  confidential.  Address  Package  and  Letter  simply: 

ROBERT  GRIMSHAW,  222  South  Eighth  St.,  Philadelphia 
Special  Machines  for  testing  Oils,  Bearings  and  Wide  Belts. 


MODEL  OF  PERFECTION! 

Qravs  Patent  Noiseless  Roller  Mill- 


Best  Iron  Roller  Mill,  Best  Bran  Cleaning  Machine,  Best  Porcelain 
Roller  Mill,  and  declared  by  Four  Prominent  Millers,  Superior 
to  the  Millstone  tor  Treating  Purified  Middlings. 

Important  Patented  Features  of  the  Gray  Roller  Mill,  and  found  on  no  other : 

lnt.  BELT  MO  VE. If  EV  T.— The  cut  at  the  lefc  represents  the  front  or  driving  side  of 
the  Machine,  by  which  the  two  fast  rolls  and  an  adjustable  countershaft  are  driven  by  one 
belt;  the  countershaft  revolving  in  opposite  direction  from  the  Rolls.  The  cut  at  the  right  rep- 
resents the  back  side  of  the  Machine,  the  two  slow  rolls  being  driven  by  separate  endless  belts 
from  the  adjustable  countershaft. 

lid.  B ELT  TIG  It  TE \E R.—A  rod  passes  from  the  top  of  the  Machine  to  the  hangings  of 
the  adjustable  countershaft  on  either  side.  A loosening  of  the  set  screw  which  holds  the  coun- 
tershaft hangings,  and  turning  of  the  tightener  rods  at  the  top  with  an  ordinary  wrench,  sets  the 
countershaft  further  away,  and  necessarily  tightens  the  belts. 

lid.  The  journals  for  the  two  inside  rolls  are  stationary,  while  those  for  the  outside  rolls 
are  formed  on  a pivot,  swung  on  an  eccentric  sleeve,  which  by  turning  will  either  raise  or  low:r 
the  end  of  the  roll,  thus  enabling  the  miller  to  keep  one  roll  parallel  with  the  other,  which  is  ab- 
solutely essential  to  the  perfect  working  of  a machine.  A now  device  in  the  way  of  a Proofplate 
we  have  adopted,  which  has  two  parallel  edges,  and  by  placing  it  on  two  of  the  rolls  at  any 
time  will  determine  whether  the  rolls  are  parallel  or  not  If  not,  the  plate  will  rock,  when  by 
slightly  loosening  the  stay  bolt,  which  holds  the  eccentric  firm,  the  roll  may  be  raised  or  lowered 
until  parallel,  at  which  time  the  plate  will  remain  stationary. 

4th.  The  outside  bearing  being  formed  on  a pivot,  a pull  rod  runs  through  it  at  the  upper 
arm,  with  a screw  on  the  end  for  a handwheel,  a coil  spring  around  the  rod  which  is  seated  in 
the  arm  casing,  a double  check  nut  next  the  casing,  and  an  eccentric  at  the  other  end  of  the  pull 
rod  where  it  connects  with  a cross  rod.  By  turning  the  handwheel  you  adjust  the  rolls  ; the 
spring  will  give  in  case  any  hard  substance  should  p iss  through,  and  no  injury  will  be  sustained  ; 
the  check  nuts  lock  the  rolls  so  they  can  never  touch  and  do  injury. 

5th.  The  rolls,  being  once  adjusted,  require  no  more  attention.  The  eccentric  formed  at 
the  connection  of  the  four  pull  rods  and  the  two  cross  rods,  is  operated  jointly  by  a connecting 
lever  from  one  cross  rod  to  the  other ; thus  enabling  the  miller  to  throw  his  rolls  apart  when 
shutting  down,  or  together  when  starting  up,  without  changing  the  adjustment. 

(ith.  An  inside  Gate  formed  in  the  hopper  for  each  feed  roll,  by  means  of  an  eccentric  to 
each  gate  and  a connecting  rod  which  runs  through  the  hopper  with  a lever  attached  on  outside 
of  hopper,  so  that  the  feed  may  be  shutoflfand  thrown  on  at  any  time  without  changing  the  ad- 
justment of  the  set  feed. 

7th.  The  general  solidity  and  construction  of  the  Machine. 

EDW.  P.  ALLIS  & CO.,  Reliance  Works, 

MIL  WA  UKEE,  Wis.,  U.  S.  A. 


GRAY’S 


Patent  Noiseless  Roller  Mill. 


L.  P.  ALLIS  & co„ 


RELIANCE  WORKS, 


MILWAUKEE,  WIS 


Stevens-  Roller  Mill. 


THESE  MILLS  COMBINE  THE  FOLLOWING 
ADVANTAGES : 

First. — By  the  peculiarity  of  the  corrugations  they  granulate 

WITHOUT  CUTTING. 

Second. — They  make  a very  small  percentage  of  break 

FLOUR. 

Third. — The  break  flour  from  first  reduction  contains  only 
germs  and  dirt  which  is  lodged  in  the  crease  of  the  berry,  and  the 
break  flour  from  the  remaining  breaks  is  comparatively  free  from 

IMPURITIES. 

Fourth. — They  make  a large  quantity  of  middlings  which  are 
free  from  particles  of  bran,  because  the  corrugations  disintegrate 
THE  BERRY,  AND  DO  NOT  CUT  IT. 


Fifth. — They  do  not  chop  the  bran,  consequently  it  is  large, 

FLAKY,  AND  PERFECTLY  CLEAN. 

Sixth. — They  make  flour  from  the  sixth  break  (or  bran  roll), 
which  is  ABSOLUTELY  FREE  FROM  IMPURITIES. 


Seventh. — They  are  the  only  roller  mills  which  can  be  used  on 

SOFT  WINTER  WHEATS. 

Eighth. — They  are  the  only  roller  mills  with  a fixed  adjustment, 
which  makes  it  unnecessary  to  throw  them  apart  when  running 
empty. 

Ninth. — They  are  the  only  roller  mills  having  an 
and  lock,  by  which  the  rolls  can  be  adjusted  to  their- 

POSITION  INSTANTLY.  ’ -j* 

In  all  other  roller  mills  the  adjustment  must  be  made  every, tirtf^ 
the  rolls  are  started,  and  ten  minutes  time  lost  with  consid^able*^ 
waste  of  product,  while  the  miller  is  feeling  the  meal.  J 

These  features,  which  have  been  abundantly  tested  and  provecr 
scores  of  mills,  place  the 


STEVENS’  ROLLER  MILL 


in  the  van  of  all  milling  improvements  since  the  time  of  Oliver 
Evans,  and  account  for  the  unprecedented  success  which  has  at- 
tended their  introduction. 

In  the  short  period  of  eight  months  more  than  seventeen  hun- 
dred of  these  mills  have  been  sold  in  the  United  States. 

All  of  the  mills,  with  the  exception  of  three  in  Minneapolis,  the 
great  milling  centre  of  the  country,  have  adopted  the  Stevens  Roll. 

The  manufacturers  do  not  ask  or  expect  any  one  to  take  their 
statements  without  verification. 

They  therefore  invite  millers  to  investigate  the  Stevens  system 
where  it  is  in  use,  and  with  this  object  they  will  furnish  letters  of 
introduction  to  those  millers  who  are  using  the  rolls. 

They  do  ask  millers  or  others,  not  to  accept  the  declarations  of 
envious  competitors,  but  to  subject  every  statement  to  the  most 
rigid  investigation. 

Plans,  specifications,  and  estimates  will  be  furnished  to  any  one 
who  contemplates  adopting  the  Roller  System  of  Gradual  Reduction. 

Address, 

JOHN  T.  NO  YE  & SONS, 

SOLE  MANUFACTURERS, 

BUFFALO,  N.  Y. 


KEEP  YOUR  BUHRS  IN  FACE. 


\ 


This  device  gives  all  the  accuracy  and  inalterability 
of  the  circular  iron  staff  with  the  lightness  of  the  cir- 
cular wooden  staff,  and  the  convenience  of  the  ordinary 
straight  wooden  staff. 

It  staffs  the  three  “ first  beds”  at  once,  and  from  these, 
by  slight  shifting,  trues  and  proves  the  whole  face  of 
the  stone.  Reaches  every  square  inch  of  the  buhr 
face,  without  covering  it  all  up  at  once. 

Absolutely  true,  and  not  affected  by  weather.  Re- 
quires no  proof  staff.  Can  be  handled  by  one  man. 
Guaranteed.  Price  for  four-foot  stone , $6o>  including 
boxing  and  delivery  on  cars. 

NEWTON  MACHINE  TOOL  WORKS, 
2141  & 2143  Callowhill  Street, 


Philadelphia. 


CATALOGUE 


O F 


PUBLISHED  BY 


HEEBY  CARET  BAIRD  & CO., 

Industrial  Publishers  and  Booksellers, 

NO.  810  WALNUT  STREET, 

PHILADELPHIA. 


Any  of  the  Books  comprised  in  this  Catalogue  will  be  sent  by  mail,  free  of 
postage,  at  the  publication  price. 

*3-  A Descriptive  Catalogue,  96  pages,  8vo.,  will  be  sent,  free  of  postage,  to  any 
one  who  will  furnish  the  publisher  with  his  address. 


ARLOT.— A Complete  Guide  for  Coach  Painters. 

Translated  from  the  French  of  M.  Arlot,  Coach  Painter;  for  eleven 
years  Foreman  of  Painting  to  M.  Eherler,  Coach  Maker,  Paris.  By 
A.  A.  Fesquet,  Chemist  and  Engineer.  To  which  is  added  an  Ap- 
pendix, containing  Information  respecting  the  Materials  and  the 
Practice  of  Coach  and  Car  Painting  and  Varnishing  in  the  United 
States  and  Great  Britain.  12mo $1.25 

ARMENGAUD,  AMOROUX,  and  JOHNSON.— The 
Practical  Draughtsman’s  Book  of  Industrial  De- 
sign, and  Machinist’s  and  Engineer’s  Drawing 
Companion : 

Forming  a Complete  Course  of  Mechanical  Engineering  and  Archi- 
tectural Drawing.  From  the  French  of  M.  Armengaud  the  elder,  Prof, 
of  Design  in  the  Conservatoire  of  Arts  and  Industry,  Paris,  and  MM. 
Armengaud  the  younger,  and  Amoroux,  Civil  Engineers.  Rewritten 
and  arranged  with  additional  matter  and  plates,  selections  from  and 
examples  of  the  most  useful  and  generally  employed  mechanism  of 
the  day.  By  William  Johnson,  Assoc.  Inst.  C.  t.,  Editor  of  “ The 
Practical  Mechanic’s  Journal.”  Illustrated  by  50  folio  steel  plates, 
and  50  wood-cuts.  A new  edition,  4to $10.00 


1 


2 


HENRY  CAREY  BAIRD’S  CATALOGUE. 


ARROWSMITH- Paper-Hanger’s  Companion : 

A Treatise  in  which  the  Practical  Operations  of  the  Trade  are  Sys- 
tematically laid  down  : with  Copious  Directions  Preparatory  to  Paper- 
ing; Preventives  against  the  Effect  of  Damp  on  Walls  ; the  Various 
Cements  and  Pastes  Adapted  to  the  Several  Purposes  of  the  Trade ; 
Observations  and  Directions  for  the  Panelling  and  Ornamenting  of 
Rooms,  etc.  By  James  Arrowsmith,  Author  of  “Analysis  of  Dra- 
pery,” etc.  12mo.,  cloth. $1.25 

ASHTON.— The  Theory  and  Practice  of  the  Art  of  De- 
signing Fancy  Cotton  and  Woollen  Cloths  from 
Sample : 

Giving  full  Instructions  for  Reducing  Drafts,  as  well  as  the  Methods 
of  Spooling  and  Making  out  Harness  for  Cross  Drafts,  and  Finding 
any  Required  Reed,  with  Calculations  and  Tables  of  Yarn.  By 
Frederick  T.  Ashton,  Designer,  West  Pittsfield,  Mass.  With  52 
Illustrations.  One  volume,  4to $10.00 

BAIRD  — Letters  on  the  Crisis,  the  Currency  and  the 
Credit  System. 

By  Henry  Carey  Baird.  Pamphlet 05 

BAIRD. — Protection  of  Home  Labor  and  Home  Pro- 
ductions necessary  to  the  Prosperity  of  the  Ameri- 
can Farmer. 

By  Henry  Carey  Baird.  8vo.,  paper 10 

BAIRD.— Some  of  the  Fallacies  of  British  Free-Trade 
Revenue  Reform. 

Two  Letters  to  Arthur  Latham  Perry,  Professor  of  History  and  Politi- 
cal Economy  in  Williams  College.  By  Henry  Carey  Baird. 

Pamphlet 05 

BAIRD.— The  Rights  of  American  Producers,  and  the 
Wrongs  of  British  Free-Trade  Revenue  Reform. 

By  Henry  Carey  Baird.  Pamphlet 05 

BAIRD.— Standard  Wages  Computing  Tables  : 

An  Improvement  in  all  former  Methods  of  Computation,  so  arranged 
that  wages  for  days,  hours,  or  fractions  of  hours,  at  a specified  rate  per 
day  or  hour,  maybe  ascertained  at  a glance.  By  T.  Spangler  Baird. 
Oblong  folio $5.00 

BAIRD.— The  American  Cotton  Spinner,  and  Mana- 

ger’s and  Carder’s  Guide : 

A Practical  Treatise  on  Cotton  Spinning ; giving  the  Dimensions  and 
Speed  of  Machinery,  Draught  and  Twist  Calculations,  etc. ; with 
notices  of  recent  Improvements:  together  with  Rules  and  Examples 
for  making  changes  in  the  sizes  and  numbers  of  Roving  and  Yarn. 
Compiled  from  the  papers  of  the  late  Robert  H.  Baird.  12mo.  $1.50 


HENRY  CAREY  BAIRD’S  CATALOGUE. 


3 


BAKER.— Long-Span  Railway  Bridges  : 

Comprising  Investigations  of  the  Comparative  Theoretical  and  Prac- 
tical Advantages  of  the  various  Adopted  or  Proposed  Type  Systems 
of  Construction  ; with  numerous  Formula;  and  Tables.  By  B.  Baker. 
12mo $2.00 

BAUERMAN.-A  Treatise  on  the  Metallurgy  of  Iron  : 

Containing  Outlines  of  the  History  of  Iron  Manufacture,  Methods  of 
Assay,  and  Analysis  of  Iron  Ores,  Processes  of  Manufacture  of  Iron 
and  Steel,  etc.,  etc.  By  H.  Bauerman,  F.  G.  S.,  Associate  of  the 
Royal  School  of  Mines.  First  American  Edition,  Revised  and  En- 
larged. With  au  Appendix  on  the  Martin  Process  for  Making  Steel, 
from  the  Report  of  Abram  S.  Hewitt,  U.  S.  Commissioner  to  the 
Universal  Exposition  at  Paris,  1867.  Illustrated.  12mo.  . $2.00 

BEANS. — A Treatise  on  Railway  Curves  and  the  Loca- 
tion of  Railways. 

By  E.  \V.  Beans,  C.  E.  Illustrated.  12mo.  Tucks.  . . $1.50 

BELL.— Carpentry  Made  Easy  : 

Or,  The  Science  and  Art  of  Framing  on  a New  and  Improved  System. 
With  Specific  Instructions  for  Building  Balloon  Frames,  Barn  Frames, 
Mill  Frames,  Warehouses,  Church  Spires,  etc.  Comprising  also  a 
System  of  Bridge  Building,  with  Bills,  Estimates  of  Cost,  and  valuable 
Tables.  Illustrated  by  38  plates,  comprising  nearly  200  figures.  By 
William  E.  Bell,  Architect  and  Practical  Builder.  8vo.  . $5.00 

BELL.— Chemical  Phenomena  of  Iron  Smelting : 

An  Experimental  and  Practical  Examination  of  the  Circumstances 
which  determine  the  Capacity  of  the  Blast  Furnace,  the  Temperature 
of  the  Air,  and  the  proper  Condition  of  the  Materials  to  be  operated 
upon.  By  I.  Lowtiiian  Bell.  Illustrated.  8vo. 

BEMROSE.— Manual  of  Wood  Carving  : 

With  Practical  Illustrations  for  Learners  of  the  Art,  and  Original  and 
Selected  Designs.  By  WILLIAM  Bemrose,  Jr.  With  an  Introduction 
by  Llewellyn  Jewitt,  F.  S.  A.,  etc.  WTith  128  Illustrations.  4to., 
cloth $3.00 

BICKNELL.— Village  Builder,  and  Supplement: 

Elevations  and  Plans  for  Cottages,  Villas,  Suburban  Residences, 
Farm  Houses,  Stables  and  Carriage  Houses.  Store  Fronts,  School 
Houses,  Churches,  Court  Houses,  and  a model  Jail ; also,  Exterior  and 
Interior  details  for  Public  and  Private  Buildings,  with  approved 
Forms  of  Contracts  and  Specifications,  including  Prices  of  Building 
Materials  and  Labor  at  Boston,  Mass.,  and  St.  Louis,  Mo.  Containing 
75  plates  drawn  to  scale ; showing  the  style  and  cost  of  building  in 
different  sections  of  the  country,  being  an  original  work  comprising 
the  designs  of  twenty  leading  architects,  representing  the  New  Eng- 
land, Middle,  Western,  and  Southwestern  States.  4to.  . $10.00 


4 


HENRY  CAREY  BAIRD’S  CATALOGUE. 


BLENKARN. — Practical  Specifications  of  Works  exe- 
cuted in  Architecture,  Civil  and  Mechanical  Engi- 
neering, and  in  Road  Making  and  Sewering  : 

To  which  are  added  a series  of  practically  useful  Agreements  and  Re- 
ports. By  John  Blenkarn.  Illustrated  by  15  large  folding  plates. 
8vo.  $9.00 

BLINN.— A Practical  Workshop  Companion  for  Tin, 
Sheet-Iron,  and  Copperplate  Workers  : 

Containing  Rules  for  describing  various  kinds  of  Patterns  used  by 
Tin,  Sheet-Iron,  and  Copper-plate  Workers;  Practical  Geometry; 
Mensuration  of  Surfaces  and  Solids;  Tables  of  the  Weights  of  Metals, 
Lead  Pipe,  etc. ; Tables  of  Areas  and  Circumferences  of  Circles ; 
Japan,  Varnishes,  Lackers,  Cements,  Compositions,  etc.,  etc.  By 
Leroy  J.  Bunn,  Master  Mechanic.  With  over  100  Illustrations. 
12mo. $2.50 

BOOTH.— Marble  Worker’s  Manual : 

Containing  Practical  Information  respecting  Marbles  in  general,  their 
Cutting,  Working,  and  Polishing;  Veneering  of  Marble;  Mosaics; 
Composition  and  Use  of  Artificial  Marble,  Stuccos,  Cements,  Receipts, 
Secrets,  etc.,  etc.  Translated  from  the  French  by  M.  L.  Booth. 
With  an  Appendix  concerning  American  Marbles.  12mo.,  cloth.  $1.50 

BOOTH  AND  MORFIT.— The  Encyclopedia  of  Che- 
mistry,  Practical  and  Theoretical : 

Embracing  its  application  to  the  Arts,  Metallurgy,  Mineralogy,  Ge- 
ology, Medicine,  and  Pharmacy.  By  James  C.  Booth,  Melter  and 
Refiner  in  the  United  States  Mint,  Professor  of  Applied  Chemistry  in 
the  Franklin  Institute,  etc.,  assisted  by  Campbell  Morfit,  author 
of  “ Chemical  Manipulations,”  etc.  Seventh  edition.  Royal  8vo., 
978  pages,  with  numerous  wood-cuts  and  other  illustrations.  . $5.00 

BOX. — A Practical  Treatise  on  Heat: 

As  applied  to  the  Useful  Arts ; for  the  Use  of  Engineers,  Architects, 
etc.  By  Thomas  Box,  author  of  “ Practical  Hydraulics.”  Illustrated 
by  14  plates  containing  114  figures.  12mo.  . . . . $5.00 

BOX.— Practical  Hydraulics  : 

A Series  of  Rules  and  Tables  for  the  use  of  Engineers,  etc.  By 
Thomas  Box.  12mo $2.00 

BROWN.— Five  Hundred  and  Seven  Mechanical 
Movements : 

Embracing  all  those  which  are  most  important  in  Dynamics,  Hydrau- 
lics, Hydrostatics,  Pneumatics,  Steam  Engines,  Mill  and  other  Gear- 
ing, Presses,  Horology,  and  Miscellaneous  Machinery  ; and  including 
many  movements  never  before  published,  and  several  of  which  have 
only  recently  come  into  use.  By  Henry  T.  Brown,  Editor  of  the 
“ American  Artisan.”  In  one  volume,  12ma  . . $1.00 


HENRY  CAREY  BAIRD’S  CATALOGUE. 


BIJCKM ASTER.— The  Elements  of  Mechanical  Phy- 
sics : 

By  J.  C.  Buckmaster,  late  Student  in  the  Government  School  of 
Mines ; Certified  Teacher  of  Science  by  the  Department  of  Science 
and  Art;  Examiner  in  Chemistry  and  Physics  in  the  Royal  College 
of  Preceptors;  and  late  Lecturer  in  Chemistry  and  Physics  of  the 
Royal  Polytechnic  Institute.  Illustrated  with  numerous  engravings. 
In  one  volume,  12mo $1.50 

BULLOCK.— The  American  Cottage  Builder: 

A Series  of  Designs,  Plans,  and  Specifications,  from  $200  to  $20,000, 
for  Homes  for  the  People ; together  with  Warming,  Ventilation, 
Drainage,  Painting,  and  Landscape  Gardening.  By  John  Bullock, 
Architect,  Civil  Engineer,  Mechanician,  and  Editor  of  “ The  Rudi- 
ments of  Architecture  and  Building,”  etc.,  etc.  Illustrated  by  75  en- 
gravings. In  one  volume,  8vo $3.50 

BULLOCK. — The  Rudiments  of  Architecture  and 
Building : 

For  the  use  of  Architects,  Builders,  Draughtsmen,  Machinists,  Engi- 
neers, and  Mechanics.  Edited  by  JOHN  Bullock,  author  of  “ The 
American  Cottage  Builder.”  Illustrated  by  250  engravings.  In  one 
volume,  8vo $3.50 

BURGH.— Practical  Illustrations  of  Land  and  Marine 
Engines : 

Showing  in  detail  the  Modern  Improvements  of  High  and  Low  Pres- 
sure, Surface  Condensation,  and  Super-heating,  together  with  Land 
and  Marine  Boilers.  By  N.  P.  Burgh,  Engineer.  Illustrated  by 
20  plates,  double  elephant  folio,  with  text . . . . $21.00 

BURGH.— Practical  Rules  for  the  Proportions  of  Mo- 
dern Engines  and  Boilers  for  Land  and  Marine 
Purposes. 

By  N.  P.  Burgh,  Engineer.  12mo $1.50 

BURGH.— The  Slide-Valve  Practically  Considered. 

By  N.  P.  Burgii,  Engineer.  Completely  illustrated.  12mo.  $2.00 

BYLES.— Sophisms  of  Free  Trade  and  Popular  Politi- 
cal Economy  Examined. 

By  a Barrister  (Sir  John  Barnard  Byles,  Judge  of  Common 
Pleas).  First  American  from  the  Ninth  English  Edition,  as  published 
by  the  Manchester  Reciprocity  Association.  In  one  volume,  12mo. 

$1.25 

BYRN.— The  Complete  Practical  Brewer  : 

Or  Plain,  Accurate,  and  Thorough  Instructions  in  the  Art  of  Brewing 
Beer,  Ale,  Porter,  including  the  Process  of  making  Bavarian  Beer, 
all  the  Small  Beers,  such  as  Root-beer,  Ginger-pop,  Sarsaparilla- 
beer,  Mead,  Spruce  Beer,  etc.,  etc.  Adapted  to  the  use  of  Public 
Brewers  and  Private  Families.  By  M.  La  Fay'ETTE  Byrn,  M.  D. 
With  illustrations.  12mo . $1.25 


6 


HENRY  CAREY  BAIRD’S  CATALOGUE. 


BYRN. — The  Complete  Practical  Distiller : 

Comprising  the  most  perfect  and  exact  Theoretical  and  Practical  De- 
scription of  the  Art  of  Distillation  and  Rectification  ; including  all  of 
the  most  recent  improvements  in  distilling  apparatus;  instructions 
for  preparing  spirits  from  the  numerous  vegetables,  fruits,  etc. ; direc- 
tions for  the  distillation  and  preparation  of  all  kinds  of  brandies  and 
other  spirits,  spirituous  and  other  compounds,  etc.,  etc.  By  M.  La 
-Fayette  Byrn,  M.  D.  Eighth  Edition.  To  which  are  added,  Prac- 
tical- Directions  for  Distilling,  from  the  French  of  Tli.  Fling,  Brewer 

' dnri  Distiller.  12mo $1.50 

. i r 

BYE5JE. — Handbook  for  the  Artisan,  Mechanic,  and 
9 gngineer : 

Qjnprising  the  Grinding  and  Sharpening  of  Cutting  Tools,  Abrasive 
Processes,  Lapidary  Work,  Gem  and  Glass  Engraving,  Varnishing 
Iftul  Lackering,  Apparatus,  Materials  and  Processes  for  Grinding  and 
• Polishing,  etc.  By  Oliver  Byrne.  Illustrated  by  185  wood  en- 
gravings. In  one  volume,  8vo $5.00 

BYRNE.— Pocket  Book  for  Railroad  and  Civil  Engi- 
neers : 

Containing  New,  Exact,  and  Concise  Methods  for  Laying  out  Rail- 
road Curves,  Switches,  Frog  Angles,  and  Crossings;  the  Staking 
out  of  work;  Levelling;  the  Calculation  of  Cuttings ; Embankments; 
Earth-work,  etc.  By  Oliver  Byrne.  18mo.,  full  bound,  pocket- 
book  form $1.75 

BYRNE.— The  Practical  Model  Calculator : 

For  the  Engineer,  Mechanic,  Manufacturer  of  Engine  Work,  Naval 
Architect,  Miner,  and  Millwright.  By  Oliver  Byrne.  1 volume, 
8vo.,  nearly  600  pages $4.50 

BYRNE.— The  Practical  Metal-Worker’s  Assistant: 

Comprising  Metallurgic  Chemistry;  the  Arts  of  Working  all  Metals 
and  Alloys;  Forging  of  Iron  and  Steel;  Hardening  and  Tempering; 
Melting  and  Mixing;  Casting  and  Founding;  Works  in  Sheet  Metal ; 
The  Processes  Dependent  on  the  Ductility  of  the  Metals;  Soldering; 
and  the  most  Improved  Processes  and  Tools  employed  by  Metal- 
Workers.  With  the  Application  of  the  Art  of  Electro-Metallurgy  to 
Manufacturing  Processes ; collected  from  Original  Sources,  and  from 
the  Works  of  Holtzapffel,  Bergeron,  Leupold,  Plumier,  Napier, 
ScofFern,  Clay,  Fairbairn,  and  others.  By  Oliver  Byrne.  A new, 
revised,  and  'improved  edition,  to  which  is  added  An  Appendix,  con- 
taining The  Manufacture  of  Russian  Sheet-Iron.  By  John 
Percy,  M.  D.,  F.R.S.  The  Manufacture  of  Malleable  Iron- 
Castings,  and  Improvements  in  Bessemer  Steel.  By  A.  A. 
Fesquet,  Chemist  and  Engineer.  With  over  600  Engravings,  illus- 
trating every  Branch  of  the  Subject.  8vo $7.00 

Cabinet  Maker’s  Album  of  Furniture: 

Comprising  a Collection  of  Designs  for  Furniture.  Illustrated  by  48 
Large  and  Beautifully  Engraved  Plates.  Iu  one  vol.,  obloug  $3.50 


HENRY  CAREY  BAIRD’S  CATALOGUE. 


7 


CALLINGHAM.— Sign  Writing  and  Glass  Emboss- 
ing: 

A Complete  Practical  Illustrated  Manual  of  the  Art.  By  James 
Callingham.  In  one  volume,  12mo $1.50 


CAMPIN. — A Practical  Treatise  on  Mechanical  Engi- 
neering : 

Comprising  Metallurgy,  Moulding,  Casting,  Forging,  Tools,, 
shop  Machinery,  Mechanical  Manipulation,  Manufacture  ojr  St 
engines,  etc.,  etc.  With  an  Appendix  on  the  Analysis  of 
Iron  Ores.  By  Francis  Campin,  C.  E.  To  which  are  addltL^dffik- 
vations  on  the  Construction  of  Steam  Boilers,  and  Remarks 
Furnaces  used  for  Smoke  Prevention;  with  a Chapter  on  ExmBiionf. 
By  R.  Armstrong,  C.  E.,  and  John  Bourne.  Rules  for  CafctSitin^ 
the  Change  Wheels  for  Screws  on  a Turning  Lathe,  and  for  a's^Meel- 
cutting  Machine.  By  J.  La  Nicca.  Management  of  Steel,  budd- 
ing Forging,  Hardening,  Tempering,  Annealing,  Shrinking,  and'l^» . 
pansiou.  And  the  Case-hardening  of  Iron.  By  G.  Ede.  8vo.  llm^-f^ 
trated  with  29  plates  and  100  wood  engravings  . . . $G.CK>*^ 


CAMPIN.— The  Practice  of  Hand-Turning  in  Wood, 
Ivory,  Shell,  etc. : 

With  Instructions  for  Turning  such  works  in  Metal  as  may  be  re* 
auired  in  the  Practice  of  Turning  Wood,  Ivory,  etc.  Also,  an  Appen- 
dix on  Ornamental  Turning.  By  Francis  Campin  ; with  Numerous 
Illustrations.  12mo.,  cloth $2.00 


CAREY.— The  Works  of  Henry  C.  Carey  : 

FINANCIAL  CRISES,  their  Causes  and  Effects.  8vo.  paper  . 25 

HARMONY  OF  INTERESTS : Agricultural,  Manufacturing,  and 

Commercial.  8vo.,  cloth $1.50 

MANUAL  OF  SOCIAL  SCIENCE.  Condensed  from  Carey’s  “ Prin- 
ciples of  Social  Science.”  By  Kate  McKean.  1 vol.  12mo.  $2.25 
MISCELLANEOUS  WORKS  : comprising  “ Harmony  of  Interests,” 
“Money,”  “Letters  to  the  President,”  “ Financial’  Crises,”  “The 
Way  to  Outdo  England  Without  Fighting  Her,”  “Resources  of 
the  Union,”  “The  Public  Debt,”  “Contraction  or  Expansion?” 
“ Review  of  the  Decade  1857-’67,”  “ Reconstruction,”  etc.,  etc. 

Two  vols.,  8vo.,  cloth 

PAST,  PRESENT,  AND  FUTURE.  8vo $2.50 

PRINCIPLES  OF  SOCIAL  SCIENCE.  3 vols.,  8vo.,  cloth  $10.00 
THE  SLAVE-TRADE,  DOMESTIC  AND  FOREIGN ; Why  it  Ex- 
ists, and  How  it  may  be  Extinguished  (1853).  8vo.,  cloth  . $2.00 
LETTERS  ON  INTERNATIONAL  COPYRIGHT  (1867)  . 50 

THE  UNITY  OF  LAW : As  Exhibited  in  the  Relations  of  Physical, 
Social,  Mental,  and  Moral  Science  (1872).  In  one  volume,  8vo., 
pp.  xxiii.,  433.  Cloth $3.50 

CHAPMAN.— A Treatise  on  Ropemaking : 

As  Practised  in  private  and  public  Rope  yards,  with  a Description 
of  the  Manufacture,  Rules,  Tables  of  Weights,  etc.,  adapted  to  the 
Trades,  Shipping,  Mining,  Railways,  Builders,  etc.  By  Robert 
Chatman.  24 mo * . . . $1.50 


8 


HENRY  CAIIEY  BAIRD’S  CATALOGUE. 


COLBURN.— The  Locomotive  Engine  : 

Including  a Description  of  its  Structure,  Rules  for  Estimating  its  Capa- 
bilities, and  Practical  Observations  on  its  Construction  and  Manage- 
ment. By  Zerah  Colburn.  Illustrated.  A new  edition.  12mo.  $1.25 

CRAIK.  — The  Practical  American  Millwright  and 
Miller. 

By  David  Craik,  Millwright.  Illustrated  by  numerous  wood  en- 
gravings, and  two  folding  plates.  8vo $5.00 

DE  GRAFF.— The  Geometrical  Stair  Builders’  Guide : 

Being  a Plain  Practical  System  of  Hand-Railing,  embracing  all  its 
necessary  Details,  and  Geometrically  Illustrated  by  22  Steel  Engrav- 
ings ; together  with  the  use  of  the  most  approved  principles  of  Prac- 
tical Geometry.  By  Simon  De  Graff,  Architect.  4to.  . $5.00 

BE  KONINCK.— DIETZ.— A Practical  Manual  of  Che- 
mical Analysis  and  Assaying : 

As  applied  to  the  Manufacture  of  Iron  from  its  Ores,  and  to  Cast  Iron, 
Wrought  Iron,  and  Steel,  as  found  in  Commerce.  By  L.  L.  I)e  Kon- 
inck,  Dr.  Sc.,  and  E.  Dietz,  Engineer.  Edited  with  Notes,  by  Robert 
Mallet,  F.R.S.,  F.S.G.,  M.I.C.E.,  etc.  American  Edition,  Edited 
with  Notes  and  an  Appendix  on  Iron  Ores,  by  A.  A.  Fesquet,  Chemist 
and  Engineer.  One  volume,  12mo $2.50 

DUNCAN.— Practical  Surveyor’s  Guide: 

Containing  the  necessary  information  to  make  any  person,  of  common 
capacity,  a finished  land  surveyor  without  the  aid  of  a teacher.  By 
Andrew  Duncan.  Illustrated.  12mo.,  cloth.  . . . $1.25 

DUPLAIS.— A Treatise  on  the  Manufacture  and  Dis- 
tillation of  Alcoholic  Liquors : 

Comprising  Accurate  and  Complete  Details  in  Regard  to  Alcohol  from 
Wine,  Molasses,  Beets,  Grain,  Rice,  Potatoes,  Sorghum,  Asphodel, 
Fruits,  etc.  ; with  the  Distillation  and  Rectification  of  Brandy,  Whis- 
key, Rum,  Gin,  Swiss,  Absinthe,  etc.,  the  Preparation  of  Aromatic  Wa- 
ters, Volatile  Oils  or  Essences,  Sugars,  Syrups,  Aromatic  Tinctures, 
Liqueurs,  Cordial  Wines,  Effervescing  Wines,  etc.,  the  Aging  of  Brandy 
and  the  Improvement  of  Spirits,  with  Copious  Directions  and  Tables 
for  Testing  and  Reducing  Spirituous  Liquors,  etc.,  etc.  Translated 
and  Edited  from  the  French  of  MM.  Duplais,  Ain<*  et  Jeune.  By 
M.  McKennie,  M.D.  To  which  are  added  the  United  States  Internal 
Revenue  Regulations  for  the  Assessment  and  Collection  of  Taxes  on 
Distilled  Spirits.  Illustrated  by  fourteen  folding  plates  and  several 
wood  engravings.  743  pp.,  8vo $10.00 

DUSSAUCE.— A General  Treatise  on  the  Manufacture 
of  Every  Description  of  Soap : 

Comprising  the  Chemistry  of  the  Art,  with  Remarks  on  Alkalies,  Sa- 
ponifiable Fatty  Bodies,  the  apparatus  necessary  in  a Soap  Factory, 
Practical  Instructions  in  the  manufacture  of  the  various  kinus  of  Soap, 
the  assay  of  Soaps,  etc.,  etc.  Edited  from  Notes  of  Larme,  Fontenelle, 
Mulapayre,  Dufour,  and  others,  with  large  and  important  additions  by 
Prof.  II.  DUSSAUCE,  Chemist.  Illustrated.  In  one  vol.,  8vo.  . $25.00 


HENRY  CAREY  BAIRD’S  CATALOGUE. 


!> 


DUSSAUCE.— A General  Treatise  on  the  Manufacture 
of  Vinegar : 

Theoretical  and  Practical.  Comprising  the  various  Methods,  by  the 
Slow  and  the  Quick  Processes,  with  Alcohol,  Wine,  Crain,  Malt,  Cider, 
Molasses,  and  Beets  ; as  well  as  the  Fabrication  of  Wood  Vinegar,  etc/ 
etc.  By  Prof.  II.  Dussauce.  In  one  volume,  8vo.  . . $5.00 

DUSSAUCE. — A New  and  Complete  Treatise  on  the 
Arts  of  Tanning,  Currying,  and  Leather  Dressing : 

Comprising  all  the  Discoveries  and  Improvements  made  in  France, . 
Great  Britain,  and  the  United  States.  Edited  from  Notes  and  Docu- 
ments of  Messrs.  Sallerou,  Grouvelle,  Duval,  Dessables,  Labarraque, 
Payen,  Rene,  De  Fontenelle,  Malapeyre,  etc.,  etc.  By  Prof.  II.  Dus- 
sauce, Chemist.  Illustrated  by  212  wood  engravings.  8vo.  $25.00 

DUSSAUCE. — A Practical  Guide  for  the  Perfumer  : 

Being  a New  Treatise  on  Perfumery,  the  most  favorable  to  the  Beauty 
without  being  injurious  to  the  Health,  comprising  a Description  of  the 
substances  used  in  Perfumery,  the  Formulae  of  more  than  1000  Prepa- 
rations, such  as  Cosmetics,  Perfumed  Oils,  Tooth  Powders,  Waters, 
Extracts,  Tinctures,  Infusions,  Spirits,  Vinaigres,  Essential  Oils,  Pas- 
tels, Creams,  Soaps,  and  many  new  Hygienic  Products  not  hitherto 
described.  Edited  from  Notes  and  Documents  of  Messrs.  Debay,  Lu- 
nel,  etc.  With  additions  by  Prof.  II.  Dussauce,  Chemist.  12mo. 

DUSSAUCE.— Practical  Treatise  on  the  Fabrication 
of  Matches,  Gun  Cotton,  and  Fulminating  Powders. 

By  Prof.  H.  DUSSAUCE.  12mo $3.00 

Dyer  and  Color-maker’s  Companion: 

Containing  upwards  of  200  Receipts  for  making  Colors,  on  the  most 
approved  principles,  for  all  the  various  styles  and  fabrics  now  in  exist- 
ence; with  the  Scouring  Process,  and  plain  Directions  for  Preparing, 
Washing-off,  and  Finishing  the  Goods.  In  one  vol.,  12mo.  . $1.25 

EASTON.— A Practical  Treatise  on  Street  or  Horse- 
power Railways. 

By  Alexander  Easton,  C.  E.  Illustrated  by  23  plates.  8vo., 
cloth $3.00 

ELDER.— Questions  of  the  Day : 

Economic  and  Social.  By  Dr.  William  Elder.  8vo.  . $3.00 

FAIRBAIRN.— The  Principles  of  Mechanism  and  Ma- 
chinery of  Transmission : 

Comprising  the  Principles  of  Mechanism,  Wheels,  and  Pulleys, 
Strength  and  Proportions  of  Shafts,  Coupling  of  Shafts,  and  Engaging 
and  Disengaging  Gear.  By  Sir  William  Fairbairn,  C.E.,  LL.D., 
F.R.S.,  F.G.S.  Beautifully  illustrated  by  over  150  wood-cuts.^  In 
one  volume,  12mo.  $2.50 

FORSYTH. — Book  of  Designs  for  Headstones,  Mural, 

and  other  Monuments : 

Containing  78  Designs.  By  James  Forsyth.  With  an  Introduction 
by  Charles  Boutell,  M.  A.  4to.,  cloth $5.00 


10 


HENRY  CAREY  BAIRD’S  CATALOGUE. 


GIBSON. — The  American  Dyer: 

A Practical  Treatise  on  the  Coloring  of  Wool,  Cotton,  Yarn  and 
Cloth,  in  three  parts.  Part  First  gives  a descriptive  account  of  the 
Dye  Stuffs;  if  of  vegetable  origin,  where  produced,  how  cultivated, 
arid  how  prepared  for  use;  if  chemical,  their  composition,  specific 
gravities,  and  general  adaptability,  how  adulterated,  and  how  to  de- 
tect the  adulterations,  etc.  Part  Second  is  devoted  to  the  Coloring  of 
Wool,  giving  recipes  for  one  hundred  and  twenty-nine  different  colors 
or  shades,  and  is  supplied  with  sixty  colored  samples  of  Wool.  Part 
Third  is  devoted  to  the  Coloring  of  Raw  Cotton  or  Cotton  Waste,  for 
mixing  with  Wool  Colors  in  the  Manufacture  of  all  kinds  of  Fabrics, 
gives  recipes  for  thirty-eight  different  colors  or  shades,  and  is  supplied 
with  twenty-four  colored  samples  of  Cotton  Waste.  Also,  recipes  for 
Coloring  Beavers,  Doeskins,  and  Flannels,  with  remarks  upon  Ani- 
lines, giving  recipes  for  fifteen  different  colors  or  shades,  and  nine 
samples  of  Aniline  Colors  that  will  stand  both  the  Fulling  and  Scour- 
ing process.  Also,  recipes  for  Aniline  Colors  on  Cotton  Thread,  and 
recipes  for  Common  Colors  on  Cotton  Yarns.  Embracing  in  all  over 
two  hundred  recipes  for  Colors  and  Shades,  and  ninety-four  samples 
of  Colored  Wool  and  Cotton  Waste,  etc.  By  Richard  H.  Gibson, 
Practical  Dyer  and  Chemist.  In  one  volume,  8vo.  . . $6.00 

GILBART.— History  and  Principles  of  Banking : 

A Practical  Treatise.  By  James  W.  Gilbart,  late  Manager  of  the 
London  and  Westminster  Bank.  With  additions.  In  one  volume, 
8vo.,  600  pages,  sheep $5.00 

Gothic  Album  for  Cabinet  Makers : 

Comprising  a Collection  of  Designs  for  Gothic  Furniture.  Illustrated 
by  23  large  and  beautifully  engraved  plates.  Oblong  . . $2.00 

GRANT.  — Beet-root  Sugar  and  Cultivation  of  the 
Beet. 

By  E.  B.  Grant.  12mo $1.25 

GREGORY.— Mathematics  for  Practical  Men  : 

Adapted  to  the  Pursuits  of  Surveyors,  Architects,  Mechanics,  anc 
Civil  Engineers.  By  Olinthus  Gregory.  8vo.,  plates,  cloth  $3.0(1 

GRISWOLD.— Railroad  Engineer’s  Pocket  Compan- 
ion for  the  Field : 

Comprising  Rules  for  Calculating  Deflection  Distances  and  Angles, 
Tangential  Distances  and  Angles,  and  all  Necessary  Tables  for  Engi- 
neers ; also  the  art  of  Levelling  from  Preliminary  Survey  to  the  Con- 
struction of  Railroads,  intended  Expressly  for  the  Young  Engineer, 
together  with  Numerous  Valuable  Rules  and  Examples.  By  W. 
Griswold.  12mo.,  tucks $1.75 

GRUNER-  Studies  of  Blast  Furnace  Phenomena. 

Bv  M.  L.  Gruner,  President  of  the  General  Council  of  Mines  of 
France,  and  lately  Professor  of  Metallurgy  at  the  Ecole  des  Mines. 
Translated,  with  the  Author’s  sanction,  with  an  Appendix,  by  L.  D.  B. 
Gordon,  F.  R.  S.  E..  F.  G.S.  Illustrated.  8vo.  . . .*  $2.50 


HENRY  CAREY  BAIRD’S  CATALOGUE. 


U 


GUETTIER.— Metallic  Alloys: 

Being  a Practical  Guide  to  their  Chemical  and  Physical  Properties, 
their  Preparation,  Composition,  and  Uses.  Translated  from  the 
French  of  A.  Guettier,  Engineer  and  Director  of  Foundries,  author 
of“  La  Fouderie  en  France,”  etc.,  etc.  By  A.  A.  Fesquet,  Chemist 
and  Engineer.  In  one  volume,  12mo $3.00 

HARRIS. — Gas  Superintendent’s  Pocket  Companion. 

Bv  Harris  & Brother,  Gas  Meter  Manufacturers,  1115  and  1117 
Cherry  Street,  Philadelphia.  Full  bound  in  pocket-book  form  $1.00 

Hats  and  Felting: 

A Practical  Treatise  on  their  Manufacture.  By  a Practical  Hatter. 
Illustrated  by  Drawings  of  Machinery,  etc.  8vo.  . . . $1.25 

HOFMANN. — A Practical  Treatise  on  the  Manufac- 
ture of  Paper  in  all  its  Branches. 

By  Carl  Hofmann.  Late  Superintendent  of  paper  mills  in  Ger- 
many and  the  United  States;  recently  manager  of  the  Public  Ledger 
Paper  Mills,  near  Elkton,  Md.  Illustrated  by  110  wood  engravings, 
ana  five  large  folding  plates.  In  one  volume,  4to.,  cloth;  398 
pages $15.00 

HUGHES. — American  Miller  and  Millwright’s  Assist- 
ant. 

By  Wm.  Carter  Hughes.  A new  edition.  In  one  vol.,  12mo.  $1.50 

HURST.— A Hand-Book  for  Architectural  Surveyors 
and  others  engaged  in  Building: 

Containing  Formulae  useful  in  Designing  Builder’s  work,  Table  of  - 
Weights,  of  the  materials  used  in  Building,  Memoranda  connected 
with  Builders’  work,  Mensuration,  the  Practice  of  Builders’  Measure- 
ment, Contracts  of  Labor,  Valuation  of  Property,  Summary  of  the 
Practice  in  Dilapidation,  etc.,  etc.  By  J.  F.  Hurst,  C.  E.  Second 
edition,  pocket-book  form,  full  bound $2.00 


JERVIS.— Railway  Property : 

A Treatise  on  the  Construction  and  Management  of  Railways ; de- 
signed to  afford  useful  knowledge,  in  the  popular  style,  to  the  holders 
of  this  class  of  property ; as  well  as  Railway  Managers,  Officers,  and 
Agents.  By  JOHN  B.  Jervis,  late  Chief  Engineer  of  the  Hudson 
River  Railroad,  Croton  Aqueduct,  etc.  In  one  vol.,  12mo.,  cloth  $2.00 

JOHNSTON.— Instructions  for  the  Analysis  of  Soils, 
Limestones,  and  Manures. 

By  J.  F.  W.  Johnston.  12mo 


12 


HENRY  CAREY  BAIRD’S  CATALOGUE. 


KEENE. — A Hand-Book  of  Practical  Gauging : 

For  the  Use  of  Beginners,  to  which  is  added,  A Chapter  on  Distilla 
tion,  describing  the  process  in  operation  at  the  Custom  House  fo* 
ascertaining  the  strength  of  wines.  By  James  B.  Keene,  of  H.  M. 
Customs.  8 vo. $1.25 

KELLEY.— Speeches,  Addresses,  and  Letters  on  In- 
dustrial and  Financial  Questions. 

By  Hon.  William  D.  Kelley,  M.  C.  In  one  volume,  544  pages, 
8vo $3.00 

KENTISH.— A Treatise  on  a Box  of  Instruments, 

And  the  Slide  Rule ; with  the  Theory  of  Trigonometry  and  Loga- 
rithms, including  Practical  Geometry,  Surveying,  Measuring  of  Tim. 
her,  Cask  and  Malt  Gauging,  Heights,  and  Distances.  By  Thomas 

Kentish.  In  one  volume.  12mo. $1.25 

KOBELL.— ERNI. — Mineralogy  Simplified : 

A short  Method  of  Determining  and  Classifying  Minerals,  by  means 
of  simple  Chemical  Experiments  in  the  Wet  Way.  Translated  from 
the  last  German  Edition  of  F.  Yon  Kobell,  with  an  Introduction  to 
Blow-pipe  Analysis  and  other  additions.  By  Henri  Erni,  M.  D., 
late  Chief  Chemist,  Department  of  Agriculture,  author  of  “ Coal  Oil 
and  Petroleum.”  In  one  volume,  12mo.  ....  $2.50 

LANDRIN. — A Treatise  on  Steel: 

Comprising  its  Theory,  Metallurgy,  Properties,  Practical  Working, 
and  Use.  By  M.  H.  C.  Landrin,  Jr.,  Civil  Engineer.  Translated 
from  the  French,  with  Notes,  by  A.  A.  Fesquet,  Chemist  and  Engi- 
neer. With  an  Appendix  on  the  Bessemer  arid,  the  Martin  Processes 
for  Manufacturing  Steel,  from  the  Report  of  Abram  S.  Hewitt,  United 
States  Commissioner  to  the  Universal  Exposition,  Paris,  1867.  In  one 
volume,  12mo. $3.00 

LARKIN.— The  Practical  Brass  and  Iron  Founder’s 
Guide  : 

A Concise  Treatise  on  Brass  Founding,  Moulding,  the  Metals  and  their 
Alloys,  etc. : to  which  are  added  Recent  Improvements  in  the  Manu- 
facture of  Iron,  Steel  by  the  Bessemer  Process,  etc.,  etc.  By  James 
Larkin,  late  Conductor  of  the  Brass  Foundry  Department  in  Ileany, 
Neafie  & Co’s.  Penn  Works,  Philadelphia.  Fifth  edition,  revised, 
with  Extensive  additions.  In  one  volume,  12mo.  . . $2.25 

LEA VITT.— Facts  about  Peat  as  an  Article  of  Fuel : 

With  Remarks  upon  its  Origin  and  Composition,  the  Localities  in 
which  it  is  found,  the  Methods  of  Preparation  and  Manufacture,  and 
the  various  Uses  to  which  it  is  applicable ; together  with  many  other 
matters  of  Practical  and  Scientific  Interest.  To  which  is  added  a chap- 
ter on  the  Utilization  of  Coal  Dust  with  Peat  for  the  Production  of  an 
Excellent  Fuel  at  Moderate  Cost,  specially  adapted  for  Steam  Service. 
By  T.  H.  Leavitt.  Third  edition.  12mo.  . . . $1.75 


HENRY  CAREY  BAIRD’S  CATALOGUE. 


13 


LEROUX,  C. — A Practical  Treatise  on  the  Manufac- 
ture of  Worsteds  and  Carded  Yarns: 

Comprising  Practical  Mechanics,  with  Rules  and  Calculations  applied 
to  Spinning;  Sorting,  Cleaning,  and  Scouring  Wools;  the  English 
and  French  methods  of  Combing,  Drawing,  and  Spinning  Worsteds 
and  Manufacturing  Carded  Yarns.  Translated  from  the  French  of 
Charles  Leroux,  Mechanical  Engineer,  and  Superintendent  of  a 
Spinning  Mill,  by  Horatio  Paine,  M.  I).,  and  A.  A.  Fesquet, 
Cnemist  and  Engineer.  Illustrated  by  12  large  Plates.  To  which  is 
added  an  Appendix,  containing  extracts  from  the  Reports  of  the  Inter- 
national Jury,  and  of  the  Artisans  selected  by  the  Committee  appointed 
by  the  Council  of  the  Society  of  Arts,  London,  on  Woollen  and  Worsted 
Machinery  and  Fabrics,  as  exhibited  in  the  Paris  Universal  Exposi- 
tion, 1867.  8vo.,  cloth $5.00 

LESLIE  (Miss).— Complete  Cookery: 

Directions  for  Cookery  in  its  Various  Branches.  By  Miss  Leslie. 
60th  thousand.  Thoroughly  revised,  with  the  addition  of  New  Re- 
ceipts. In  one  volume,  12mo.,  cloth $1.50 

LESLIE  (Miss). — Ladies’  House  Book: 

A Manual  of  Domestic  Economy.  20th  revised  edition.  12mo.,  cloth. 

LESLIE  (Miss). — Two  Hundred  Receipts  in  French 
Cookery. 

Cloth,  12mo. 

LIEBER.— Assayer’s  Guide : 

Or,  Practical  Directions  to  Assayers,  Miners,  and  Smelters,  for  the 
Tests  and  Assays,  by  Heat  and  by  Wet  Processes,  for  the  Ores  of  all 
the  principal  Metals,  of  Gold  and  Silver  Coins  and  Alloys,  and  of 
Coal,  etc.  By  Oscar  M.  Lieber.  12mo.,  cloth.  . . $1.25 

LOTH.— The  Practical  Stair  Builder: 

A Complete  Treatise  on  the  Art  of  Building  Stairs  and  Hand-Rails, 
Designed  for  Carpenters,  Builders,  and  Stair-Builders.  Illustrated 
with  Thirty  Original  Plates.  By  C.  Edward  Lotii,  Professional 
Stair-Builder.  One  large  4to.  volume.  ....  $10.00 

LOVE. — The  Art  of  Dyeing,  Cleaning,  Scouring,  and 
Finishing,  on  the  Most  Approved  English  and 
French  Methods: 

Being  Practical  Instructions  in  Dyeing  Silks,  Woollens,  and  Cottons, 
Feathers,  Chips,  Straw,  etc.  Scouring  and  Cleaning  Bed  and  Window 
Curtains,  Carpets,  Rugs,  etc.  French  and  English  Cleaning,  any 
Color  or  Fabric  of  Silk,  Satin,  or  Damask.  By  Thomas  Love,  a 
Working  Dyer  and  Scourer.  Second  American  Edition,  to  which  are 
added  General  Instructions  for  the  Use  of  Aniline  Colors.  In  one 
volume,  8vo.,  343  pages.  $6.00 


14 


HENRY  CAREY  BAIRD’S  CATALOGUE 


MAIN  and  BROWN.— Questions  on  Subjects  Con- 
nected with  the  Marine  Steam-Engine  : 

And  Examination  Papers : with  Hints  for  their  Solution.  By  Thomas 
J.  Main,  Professor  of  Mathematics,  Royal  Naval  College,  and  Thomas 
Brown,  Chief  Engineer,  R.  12mo.,  cloth.  . . . $1.50 

MAIN  and  BROWN.— The  Indicator  and  Dynamo- 
meter : 

With  their  Practical  Applications  to  the  Steam-Engine.  By  Thomas 
J.  Main,  M.  A.  F.  R.,  Assistant  Professor  Royal  Naval  College,  Ports- 
mouth, and  Thomas  Brown,  Assoc.  Inst.  C.  E.,  Chief  Engineer,  It. 
N.,  attached  to  the  Royal  Naval  College.  Illustrated.  From  the 
Fourth  London  Edition.  8vo. $1.50 

MAIN  and  BROWN. — The  Marine  Steam-Engine. 

By  Thomas  J.  Main,  F.  R. ; Assistant  S.  Mathematical  Professor  at 
the  Royal  Naval  College,  Portsmouth,  and . Thomas  Brown,  Assoc. 
Inst.  C.  E.,  Chief  Engineer  R.  N.  Attached  to  the  Royal  Naval  Col- 
lege. Authors  of  “ Questions  connected  with  the  Marine  Steam-En- 
gine,” and  the  “ Indicator  and  Dynamometer.”  With  numerous  Illus- 
trations. In  one  volume,  8vo. $5.00 

MARTIN. — Screw-Cutting  Tables,  for  the  Use  of  Me- 
chanical Engineers : 

Showing  the  Proper  Arrangement  of  Wheels  for  Cutting  the  Threads 
of  Screws  of  any  required  Pitch  ; with  a Table  for  Making  the  Uni- 
versal Gas-Pipe  Thread  and  Taps.  By  W.  A.  Martin,  Engineer. 
8vo 50 

Mechanics’  (Amateur)  Workshop: 

A treatise  containing  plain  and  concise  directions  for  the  manipula- 
tion of  Wood  and  Metals,  including  Casting,  Forging,  Brazing,  Sol- 
dering, and  Carpentry.  By  the  author  of  the  “ Lathe  and  its  Uses.” 
Third  edition.  Illustrated.  8vo $3.00 

MOLESWORTH. — Pocket-Book  of  Useful  Formulae 
and  Memoranda  for  Civil  and  Mechanical  Engi- 
neers. 

By  Guilford  L.  Molesworth,  Member  of  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers,  Chief  Resident  Engineer  of  the  Ceylon  Railway.  Second 
American,  from  the  Tenth  London  Edition.  In  one  volume,  full 
bound  in  pocket-book  form $1.00 

NAPIER.— A System  of  Chemistry  Applied  to  Dyeing. 

By  James  Napier,  F.  C.  S.  A New  and  Thoroughly  Revised  Edi- 
tion. Completely  brought  up  to  the  present  state  of  the  Science,  inclu- 
ding the  Chemistry  of  Coal  Tar  Colors,  by  A.  A.  FESQUET,  Chemist 
and  Engineer.  With  an  Appendix  on  Dyeing  and  Calico  Printing,  as 
shown  at  the  Universal  Exposition,  Paris,  1867.  Illustrated.  In  one 
Volume,  8vo.,  422  pages $5.00 


HENRY  CAREY  BAIRD’S  CATALOGUE. 


15 


NAPIER. — Manual  of  Electro-Metallurgy: 

Including  the  Application  of  the  Art  to  Manufacturing  Processes.  By 
James  Napier,  fourth  American,  from  the  Fourth  London  edition, 
revised  and  enlarged.  Illustrated  by  engravings.  In  one  vol.,  Svo.  $2.00 

NASON. — Table  of  Reactions  for  Qualitative  Chemical 
Analysis. 

By  Henry  B.  Nason,  Professor  of  Chemistry  in  the  Rensselaer  Poly- 
technic Institute,  Troy,  New  York.  Illustrated  by  Colors. 

NEWBERY. — Gleanings  from  Ornamental  Art  of 
every  style : 

Drawn  from  Examples  in  the  British,  South  Kensington,  Indian, 
Crystal  Palace,  and  >ther  Museums,  the  Exhibitions  of  1851  and  1862, 
and  the  best  English  and  Foreign  works.  In  a series  of  one  hundred 
exquisitely  drawn  Plates,  containing  many  hundred  examples.  By 
Robert  Newbery.  4to $12.50 

NICHOLSON.— A Manual  of  the  Art  of  Bookbinding : 

Containing  full  instructions  in  the  different  Branches  of  Forwarding, 
Gilding,  and  Finishing. ' Also,  the  Art  of  Marbling  Book-edges  and 
Paper.  By  James  B.  Nicholson.  Illustrated.  12mo.,  cloth.  $2.25 

NICHOLSON.— The  Carpenter’s  New  Guide: 

A Complete  Book  of  Lines  for  Carpenters  and  Joiners.  By  Peter 
Nicholson.  The  whole  carefully  and  thoroughly  revised  by  II.  K. 
Davis,  and  containing  numerous  new  and  improved  and  original  De- 
signs for  Roofs,  Domes,  etc.  By  Samuel  Sloan,  Architect.  Illus- 
trated by  80  plates.  4to. 

NORRIS. — A Hand-book  for  Locomotive  Engineers 
and  Machinists : 

Comprising  the  Proportions  and  Calculations  for  Constructing  Loco- 
motives ; Manner  of  Setting  Valves ; Tables  of  Squares,  Cubes,  Areas, 
etc.,  etc.  By  Septimus  Norris,  Civil  and  Mechanical  Engineer. 
New  edition.  Illustrated.  12mo.,  cloth $1.50 

NYSTROM.— On  Technological  Education,  and  the 
Construction  of  Ships  and  Screw  Propellers : 

For  Naval  and  Marine  Engineers.  Bv  John  W.  Nystrom,  late  Act- 
ing Chief  Engineer,  U.  S.  N.  Second  edition,  revised  with  additional 
matter.  Illustrated  by  seven  engravings.  12mo.  . . $1.50 

O’NEILL.— A Dictionary  of  Dyeing  and  Calico  Print- 
ing: 

Containing  a brief  account  of  all  the  Substances  and  Processes  in  use 
in  the  Art  of  Dyeing  and  Printing  Textile  Fabrics;  with  Practical 
Receipts  and  Scientific  Information.  By  Charles  O’Neill,  Ana- 
lytical Chemist ; Fellow  of  the  Chemical  Society  of  London  ; Member 
of  the  Literary  and  Philosophical  Society  of  Manchester;  Author  of 
“Chemistry  oi*  Calico  Printing  and  Dyeing.”  To  which  is  added  an 
Essay  on  Coal  Tar  Colors  and  their  application  to  Dyeing  and  Calico 
Printing.  By  A.  A.  Fesquet,  Chemist  and  Engineer.  With  an  Ap- 
pendix on  Dyeing  and  Calico  Printing,  as  shown  at  the  Universal 
Exposition,  Paris,  1867.  In  one  volume,  8vo.,  491  pages.  . $5.00 


16 


HENRY  CAREY  BAIRD’S  CATALOGUE. 


ORTON.— Underground  Treasures : 

How  and  Where  to  Find  Them.  A Key  for  the  Ready  Determination 
of  all  the  Useful  Minerals  within  the  United  States.  By  James 
Orton,  A.  M.  Illustrated,  12mo.l  . . . . $1.50 

OSBORN.— American  Mines  and  Mining: 

Theoretically  and  Practically  Considered.  By  Prof.  n.  S.  Osborn. 
Illustrated  by  numerous  engravings.  8vo.  (In  preparation.) 

OSBORN.— The  Metallurgy  of  Iron  and  Steel : 

Theoretical  and  Practical  in  all  its  Branches ; with  special  reference 
to  American  Materials  and  Processes.  By  H.  S.  Osborn,  LL.  D., 
Professor  of  Mining  and  Metallurgy  in  Lafayette  College,  Easton, 
Pennsylvania.  Illustrated  by  numerous  large  folding  plates  and 
wood-engravings.  8vo. $17.50 

OVERMAN. — The  Manufacture  of  Steel : 

Containing  the'Praetice  and  Principles  of  Working  and  Making  Steel. 
A Handbook  for  Blacksmiths  and  Workers  in  Steel  and  Iron,  Wagon 
Makers,  Die  Sinkers,  Cutlers,  and  Manufacturers  of  Files  and  Hard- 
ware, of  Steel  and  Iron,  and  for  Men  of  Science  and  Art.  By  Fred- 
erick Overman,  Mining  Engineer,  Author  of  the  “ Manufacture  of 
Iron,”  etc.  A new,  enlarged,  and  revised  Edition.  By  A.  A.  Fesquet, 
Chemist  and  Engineer $1.50 

OVERMAN.— The  Moulder  and  Founder’s  Pocket 
Guide  : 

A Treatise  on  Moulding  and  Founding  in  Green-sand,  Dry-sand,  Loam, 
and  Cement;  the  Moulding  of  Machine  Frames,  Mill-gear,  Hollow- 
ware,  Ornaments,  Trinkets,  Bells,  and  Statues  ; Description  of  Moulds 
for  Iron,  Bronze,  Brass,  and  other  Metals  ; Plaster  of  Paris,  Sulphur, 
Wax,  and  other  articles  commonly  used  in  Casting;  the  Construction 
of  Melting  Furnaces,  the  Melting  and  Founding  of  Metals  ; the  Com- 
position of  Alloys  and  their  Nature.  With  an  Appendix  containing 
Receipts  for  Alloys,  Bronze,  Varnishes  and  Colors  for  Castings ; also, 
Tables  on  the  Strength  and  other  qualities  of  Cast  Metals.  By  Fred- 
erick Overman,  Mining  Engineer,  Author  of  “The  Manufacture 
of  Iron.”  With  42  Illustrations.  12mo $2.00 

Painter,  Gilder,  and  Varnisher’s  Companion: 

Containing  Rules  and  Regulations  in  everything  relating  to  the  Arts 
of  Painting,  Gilding,  Varnishing,  Glass-Staining,  Graining,  Marbling, 
Sign-Writing,  Gilding  on  Glass,  and  Coach  Painting  and  Varnishing; 
Tests  for  the  Detection  of  Adulterations  in  Oils,  Colors,  etc. ; and  a 
Statement  of  the  Diseases  to  which  Painters  are  peculiarly  liable,  with 
the  Simplest  and  Best  Remedies.  Sixteenth  Edition.  Revised,  with 
an  Appendix.  Containing  Colors  and  Coloring— Theoretical  and 
Practical.  Comprising  descriptions  of  a great  variety  of  Additional 
Pigments,  their  Qualities  and  Uses,  to  which  are  added,  Dryers,  and 
Modes  and  Operations  of  Painting,  etc.  Together  with  Chevreul’s 
Principles  of  Harmony  and  Contrast  of  Colors.  12mo.,  cloth.  $1.50 


HENRY  CAREY  BAIRD’S  CATALOGUE. 


\ K 

17 


PALLETT. — The  Miller’s,  Millwright’s,  and  Engineer’s 
Guide. 

By  Henry  Pallett.  Illustrated.  In  one  volume,  12mo.  $3.00 

PERCY.— The  Manufacture  of  Russian  Sheet-Iron. 

By  John  Percy,  M.D.,  F.R.S.,  Lecturer  on  Metallurgy  at  the  Royal 
School  of  Mines,  and  to  The  Advanced  Class  of  Artillery  Officers  at 
the  Royal  Artillery  Institution,  Woolwich  ; Author  of  “ Metallurgy.” 
With  Illustrations.  8vo.,  paper 50  cts. 

PERKINS.— Gas  and  Ventilation. 

Practical  Treatise  on  Gas  and  Ventilation.  With  Special  Relation  to 
Illuminating,  Heating,  and  Cooking  by  Gas.  Including  Scientific 
Helps  to  Engineer-students  and  others.  With  Illustrated  Diagrams. 
By  E.  E.  Perkins.  12mo.,  cloth $1.25 

PERKINS  and  STOWE.— A New  Guide  to  the  Sheet- 
iron  and  Boiler  Plate  Roller  : 

Containing  a Series  of  Tables  showing  the  Weight  of  Slabs  and  Piles 
to  produce  Boiler  Plates,  and  of  the  Weight  of  Piles  and  the  Sizes  of 
Bars  to  produce  Sheet-iron;  the  Thickness  of  the  Bar  Gauge  in 
decimals ; the  Weight  per  foot,  and  the  Thickness  on  the  Bar  or  Wire 
Gauge  of  the  fractional  parts  of  an  inch  ; the  Weight  per  sheet,  and 
the  Thickness  on  the  Wire  Gauge  of  Sheet-iron  of  various  dimensions 
to  weigh  112  lbs.  per  bundle;  and  the  conversion  of  Short  Weight 
into  Long  Weight,  and  Long  Weight  into  Short.  Estimated  and  col- 
lected by  G.  H.  Perkins  and  J.  G.  Stowe $2.50 

PHILLIPS  and  DARLINGTON.— Records  of  Mining 
and  Metallurgy ; 

Or  Facts  and  Memoranda  for  the  use  of  the  Mine  Agent  and  Smelter. 
By  J.  Arthur  Phillips,  Mining  Engineer,  Graduate  of  the  Imperial 
School  of  Mines,  France,  etc.,  and  John  Darlington.  Illustrated 
by  numerous  engravings.  In  one  volume,  12mo.  . . $1.50 

PROTEAUX.— Practical  Guide  for  the  Manufacture 
of  Paper  and  Boards. 

By  A.  Proteaux,  Civil  Engineer,  and  Graduate  of  the  School  of  Arts 
and  Manufactures,  and  Director  of  Thiers’  Paper  Mill,  Puy-de-Dome. 
With  additions,  by  L.  S.  Le  Normand.  Translated  from  the  French, 
with  Notes,  by  Horatio  Paine,  A.  B.,  M.  D.  To  which  is  added  a 
Chapter  on  the  Manufacture  of  Paper  from  Wood  in  the  United 
States,  by  Henry  T.  Brown,  of  the  “ American  Artisan.”  Illus- 
trated by  six  plates,  containing  Drawings  of  Raw  Materials,  Machi- 
nery, Plans  of  Paper-Mills,  etc.,  etc.  8vo $10.00 

REGNAULT.— Elements  of  Chemistry. 

By  M.  V.  Regnaui.t.  Translated  from  the  French  by  T.  Forrest 
Betton,  M.  D.,  and  edited,  with  Notes,  by  James  C.  Booth,  Melter 
and  Refiner  U.  S.  Mint,  and  Wm.  L.  Faber,  Metallurgist  and  Mining 
Engineer.  Illustrated  by  nearly  700  wood  engravings.  Comprising 
nearly  1500  pages.  In  two  volumes,  8vo.,  cloth.  . . . $7.50 


18 


HENRY  CAREY  BAIRD’S  CATALOGUE. 


REID.— A Practical  Treatise  on  the  Manufacture  of 
Portland  Cement : 

By  Henry  Reid,  C.  E.  To  which  is  added  a Translation  of  M.  A. 
Lipowitz’s  Work,  describing  a New  Method  adopted  in  Germany  for 
Manufacturing  that  Cement,  by  W.  F.  Reid.  Illustrated  by  plates 
and  wood  engravings.  8vo $7.20 

RIFFAULT,  VERGNAUD,  and  TOUSSAINT.— A 
Practical  Treatise  on  the  Manufacture  of  Var- 
nishes. 

By  MM.  Riffault,  Vergnaud,  and  Toussaint.  Revised  and 
Etlited  by  M.  F.  Malepeyre  and  Dr.  Emil  Winckler.  Illustrated. 
In  one  volume,  8vo.  {In  preparation.) 

RIFFAULT,  VERGNAUD,  and  TOUSSAINT.— A 
Practical  Treatise  on  the  Manufacture  of  Colors 
for  Painting : 

Containing  the  best  Formula  and  the  Processes  the  Newest  and  in 
most  General  Use.  By  M M.  Riffault,  Vergnaud,  and  Toussaint. 
Revised  and  Edited  by  M.  F.  Malepeyre  and  Dr.  Emil  Winckler. 
Translated  from  the  French  by  A.  A.  Fesquet,  Chemist  and  Engi- 
neer. Illustrated  by  Engravings.  In  one  volume,  650  pages,  8vo. 

$7.50 

ROBINSON.— Explosions  of  Steam  Boilers: 

How  they  are  Caused,  and  how  they  may  be  Prevented.  By  J.  R. 
Robinson,  Steam  Engineer.  12mo 

ROPER. — A Catechism  of  High  Pressure  or  Non- 
Condensing  Steam-Engines : 

Including  the  Modelling,  Constructing,  Running,  and  Management 
of  Steam  Engines  and  Steam  Boilers.  With  Illustrations.  By 
Stephen  Roper,  Engineer.  Full  bound  tucks  . . . $2.00 

ROSELEUR. — Galvanoplastic  Manipulations  : 

A Practical  Guide  for  the  Gold  and  Silver  Electro-plater  and  the 
Galvanoplastic  Operator.  Translated  from  the  French  of  Alfred 
Roseleur,  Chemist,  Professor  of  the  Galvanoplastic  Art,  Manufactu- 
rer of  Chemicals,  Gold  and  Silver  Electro-plater.  By  A.  A.  Fesquet, 
Chemist  and  Engineer.  Illustrated  by  over  127  Engravings  on  wood. 

8vo.,  495  pages. $7.50 

This  Treatise  is  the  fullest  and  by  far  the  best  on  this  subject  ever 
published  in  the  United  States. 

SCHINZ.— Researches  on  the  Action  of  the  Blast 
Furnace. 

By  Charles  Schinz.  Translated  from  the  German  with  the  special 
permission  of  the  Author  by  William  II.  Maw  and  Moritz  Mul- 
ler. With  an  Appendix  written  by  the  Author  expressly  for  this 
edition.  Illustrated  by  seven  plates,  containing  28  figures.  In  one 
volume,  12mo. 


HENRY  CAREY  BAIRD'S  CATALOGUE. 


19 


SHAW.— Civil  Architecture : 

Being  a Complete  Theoretical  and  Practical  System  of  Building,  con- 
taining the  Fundamental  Principles  of  the  Art.  By  Edward  Shaw, 
Architect.  To  which  is  added  a Treatise  on  Gothic  Architecture,  etc. 
By  Thomas  W.  Silloway  and  George  M.  IIarding,  Architects. 
The  whole  illustrated  by  One  Hundred  and  Two  quarto  plates  finely 
engraved  on  copper.  Eleventh  Edition.  4to.,  cloth.  . $10.00 

SHUNK.— A Practical  Treatise  on  Railway  Curves 
and  Location,  for  Young  Engineers. 

By  William  F.  Shunk,  Civil  Engineer.  12mo.  . . $2.00 

SLOAN.— American  Houses : 

A variety  of  Original  Designs  for  Rural  Buildings.  Illustrated  by  26 
colored  Engravings,  with  Descriptive  References.  By  Samuel  Sloan, 
Architect,  author  of  the  “ Model  Architect,"  etc.,  etc.  8vo.  $1.50 

SMEATON. — Builder’s  Pocket  Companion: 

Containing  the  Elements  of  Building,  Surveying,  and  Architecture; 
with  Practical  Rules  and  Instructions  connected  with  the  subject. 
By  A.  C.  Smeaton,  Civil  Engineer,  etc.  In  one  volume,  12mo.  $1.50 

SMITH.— A Manual  of  Political  Economy. 

By  E.  Peshine  Smith.  A new  Edition,  to  which  is  added  a full 
Index.  12mo.,  cloth $1.25 

SMITH.— Parks  and  Pleasure  Grounds : 

Or  Practical  Notes  on  Country  Residences,  Villas,  Public  Parks,  and 
Gardens.  By  Charles  H.  J.  Smith,  Landscape  Gardener  and 
Garden  Architect,  etc.,  etc.  12mo. $2.25 

SMITH.— The  Dyer’s  Instructor: 

Comprising  Practical  Instructions  in  the  Art  of  Dyeing  Silk,  Cotton, 
Wool,  and  Worsted,  and  Woollen  Goods:  containing  nearly  800 
Receipts.  To  which  is  added  a Treatise  on  the  Art  of  Padding;  and 
the  Printing  of  Silk  Warps,  Skeins,  and  Handkerchiefs,  and  the 
various  Mordants  and  Colors  for  the  different  styles  of  such  work. 
By  David  Smith,  Pattern  Dyer.  12mo.,  cloth.  . . . $3.00 

SMITH.— The  Dyer’s  Instructor: 

Comprising  Practical  Instructions  in  the  Art  of  Dyeing  Silk,  Cotton, 
Wool,  and  Worsted  and  Woollen  Goods.  Third  Edition,  with  many 
additional  Receipts  for  Dyeing  the  New  Alkaline  Blues  and  Night 
Greens,  with  Dyed  Patterns  affixed.  12mo.,  pp.  394,  cloth.  . $10.50 

STEWART.— The  American  System. 

Speeches  on  the  Tariff  Question,  and  on  Internal  Improvements,  princi- 
pally delivered  in  the  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United  States. 
By  Andrew  Stewart,  late  M.  C.  from  Pennsylvania.  With  a Portrait, 
and  a Biographical  Sketch.  In  one  volume,  8vo.,  407  pages.  $3.00 


20 


HENRY  CAREY  BAIRD’S  CATALOGUE. 


STOKES. — Cabinet-maker’s  and  Upholsterer’s  Com- 
panion : 

Comprising  the  Rudiments  and  Principles  of  Cabinet-making  and  Up- 
holstery, with  Familiar  Instructions,  illustrated  by  Examples  for 
attaining  a Proficiency  in  the  Art  of  Drawing,  as  applicable  to  Cabi- 
net-work ; the  Processes  of  Veneering,  Inlaying,  and  Buhl-work  ; the 
Art  of  Dyeing  and  Staining  Wood,  Bone,  Tortoise  Shell,  etc.  Direc- 
tions for  Lackering,  Japanning,  and  Varnishing;  to  make  French 
Polish ; to  prepare  the  Best  Glues,  Cements,  and  Compositions,  and  a 
number  of  Receipts  particularly  useful  for  workmen  generally.  By 
J.  Stokes.  In  one  volume,  12mo.  With  Illustrations.  . $1.25 

Strength  and  other  Properties  of  Metals: 

Reports  of  Experiments  on  the  Strength  and  other  Properties  of  Metals 
for  Cannon.  With  a Description  of  the  Machines  for  testing  Metals, 
and  of  the  Classification  of  Cannon  in  service.  By  Officers  of  the  Ord- 
nance Department  U.  S.  Army.  By  authority  of  the  Secretary  of  War. 
Illustrated  by  25  large  steel  plates.  In  one  volume,  4to.  . $10.00 

SULLIVAN.— Protection  to  Native  Industry. 

By  Sir  Edward  Sullivan,  Baronet,  author  of  “ Ten  Chapters  on 
Social  Reforms.”  In  one  volume,  8vo $1.50 

Tables  Showing  the  Weight  of  Round,  Square,  and 

Flat  Bar  Iron,  Steel,  etc., 

By  Measurement.  Cloth 63 

TAYLOR.— Statistics  of  Coal: 

Including  Mineral  Bituminous  Substances  employed  in  Arts  and 
Manufactures;  with  their  Geographical,  Geological,  and  Commercial 
Distribution  and  Amount  of  Production  and  Consumption  on  the 
American  Continent.  With  Incidental  Statistics  of  the  Iron  Manu- 
facture. By  R.  C.  Taylor.  Second  edition,  revised  by  S.  S.  Hal- 
DEMAN.  Illustrated  by  five  Maps  and  many  wood  engravings.  8vo., 
cloth $10.00 

TEMPLETON.— The  Practical  Examinator  on  Steam 

and  the  Steam-Engine : 

, With  Instructive  References  relative  thereto,  arranged  for  the  Use  of 
Engineers,  Students,  and  others.  By  Wm.  Templeton,  Engineer. 
12mo. $1.25 

THOMAS.— The  Modern  Practice  of  Photography. 

By  R.  W.  Thomas,  F.  C.  S.  8vo.,  cloth 75 

THOMSON.— Freight  Charges  Calculator. 

By  Andrew  Thomson,  Freight  Agent.  24mo.  . . . $1.25 

TURNING:  Specimens  of  Fancy  Turning  Executed 
on  the  Hand  or  Foot  Lathe: 

With  Geometric,  Oval,  and  Eccentric  Chucks,  and  Elliptical  Cutting 
Frame.  By  an  Amateur.  Illustrated  by  30  exquisite  Photographs. 
4 to $3.00 


HENRY  CAREY  BAIRD’S  CATALOGUE. 


21 


Turner’s  (The)  Companion : 

Containing  Instructions  in  Concentric,  Elliptic,  and  Eccentric  Turn- 
ing : also  various  Plates  of  Chucks,  Tools,  and  Instruments  ; and  Di- 
rections for  using  the  Eccentric  Cutter,  Drill,  Vertical  Cutter,  and 
Circular  Rest ; with  Patterns  and  Instructions  for  working  them.  A 
new  edition  in  one  volume,  12mo.  $1.50 

TJRBIN.— BRULL.— A Practical  Guide  for  Puddling 
Iron  and  Steel. 

By  Ed.  Urbin,  Engineer  of  Arts  and  Manufactures.  A Prize  Essay 
read  before  the  Association  of  Engineers,  Graduate  of  the  School  of 
Mines,  of  Liege,  Belgium,  at  the  Meeting  of  1865-6.  To  which  is  added 
A Comparison  of  tiie  Resisting  Properties  of  Iron  and  Steel. 
By  A.  Brull.  Translated  from  the  French  by  A.  A.  Fesquet,  Che- 
mist and  Engineer.  In  one  volume,  8vo $1.00 

VAILE.— Galvanized  Iron  Cornice- Worker’s  Manual: 

Containing  Instructions  in  Laying  out  the  Different  Mitres,  and  Ma- 
king Patterns  for  all  kinds  of  Plain  and  Circular  Work.  Also,  Tables 
of  YVeights,  Areas  and  Circumferences  of  Circles,  and  other  Matter 
calculated  to  Benefit  the  Trade,  By  Charles  A.  Vaile,  Superin- 
tendent “Richmond  Cornice  Works,”  Richmond,  Indiana.  Illustra- 
ted by  21  Plates.  In  one  volume,  4to $5.00 

VILLE.— The  School  of  Chemical  Manures : 

Or,  Elementary  Principles  in  the  Use  of  Fertilizing  Agents.  From  the 
French  of  M.  George  Ville,  by  A.  A.  Fesquet,  Chemist  and  Engi- 
neer. With  Illustrations.  In  one  volume,  12  mo.  . . $1.25 

VOGDES.— The  Architect’s  and  Builder’s  Pocket  Com- 
panion and  Price  Book: 

Consisting  of  a Short  but  Comprehensive  Epitome  of  Decimals,  Duo- 
decimals, Geometry  and  Mensuration ; with  Tables  of  U.  S.  Measures, 
Sizes,  Weights,  Strengths,  etc.,  of  Iron,  Wood,  Stone,  and  various 
other  Materials,  Quantities  of  Materials  in  Given  Sizes,  and  Dimen- 
sions of  Wood,  Brick,  and  Stone;  and  a full  and  complete  Bill  of 
Prices  for  Carpenter’s  Work ; also,  Rules  for  Computing  and  Valuing 
Brick  and  Brick  Work,  Stone  Work,  Painting,  Plastering,  etc.  By 
Frank  W.  Vogdes,  Architect.  Illustrated.  Full  bound  in  pocket- 


book  form. $2.00 

Bound  in  cloth. 1-50 


WARN.— The  Sheet-Metal  Worker’s  Instructor: 

For  Zinc,  Sheet-Iron,  Copper,  and  Tin-Plate  Workers,  etc.  Contain- 
ing a selection  of  Geometrical  Problems ; also,  Practical  and  Simple 
Rules  for  describing  the  various  Patterus  required  in  the  different 
branches  of  the  above  Trades.  By  Reuben  H.  Warn,  Practical  Tin- 
plate Worker.  To  which  is  added  an  Appendix,  containing  Instruc- 
tions for  Boiler  Making,  Mensuration  of  Surfaces  and  Solids,  Rules  for 
Calculating  the  Weights  of  different  Figures  of  Iron  and  Steel,  Tables 
of  the  Weights  of  Iron,  Steel,  etc.  Illustrated  by  32  Plates  and  37 
Wood  Engravings.  $3.00 


99 


HENRY  CAREY  BAIRD’S  CATALOGUE. 


WATSON.— A Manual  of  the  Hand-Lathe: 

Comprising  Concise  Directions  for  working  Metals  of  all  kinds.  Ivory, 
Bone  and  Precious  Woods;  Dyeing,  Coloring,  and  French  Polishing; 
Inlaying  by  Veneers,  and  various  methods  practised  to  produce  Elabo- 
rate work  with  Dispatch,  and  at  Small  Expense.  By  Egbert  P. 
WATSON,  late  of  “ The  Scientific  American,”  Author  of  “ The  Modern 
Practice  of  American  Machinists  and  Engineers.”  Illustrated  by  78 
Engravings $1.50 

WATSON.— The  Modern  Practice  of  American  Ma- 
chinists and  Engineers : 

Including  the  Construction,  Application,  and  Use  of  Drills,  Lathe 
Tools,  Cutters  for  Boring  Cylinders,  and  Hollow  Work  Generally, 
with  the  most  Economical  Speed  for  the  same  ; the  Results  verified  by 
Actual  Practice  at  the  Lathe,  the  Vice,  and  on  the  Floor.  Together 
with  Workshop  Management,  Economy  of  Manufacture,  the  Steam- 
Engine,  Boilers,  Gears,  Belting,  etc.,  etc.  By  Egbert  I*.  Watson, 
late  of  the  “ Scientific  American.”  Illustrated  by  86  Engravings.  In 
one  volume,  12mo $2.50 

WATSON.— The  Theory  and  Practice  of  the  Art  of 
Weaving  by  Hand  and  Power: 

With  Calculations  and  Tables  for  the  use  of  those  connected  with  the 
Trade.  By  John  Watson,  Manufacturer  and  Practical  Machine 
Maker.  Illustrated  by  large  Drawings  of  the  best  Power  Looms. 
8vo. $7.50 

WEATHERLY.— Treatise  on  the  Art  of  Boiling  Su- 
gar, Crystallizing,  Lozenge-making,  Comfits,  Gum 
Goods. 

12mo $2.00 

WILL. — Tables  for  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis. 

By  Professor  Heinrich  Will,  of  Giessen,  Germany.  Seventh  edi- 
tion. Translated  by  Charles  F.  Himes,  Ph.  D.,  Professor  of  Natu- 
ral Science,  Dickinson  College,  Carlisle,  Pa $1.50 

WILLIAMS.— On  Heat  and  Steam  : 

Embracing  New  Views  of  Vaporization,  Condensation,  and  Explosions. 
By  Charles  Wye  Williams,  A.  I.  C.  E.  Illustrated.  8vo.  $3.50 

WOHLER.— A Hand-Book  of  Mineral  Analysis. 

By  F.  Wohler,  Professor  of  Chemistry  in  the  Universitv  of  Gottin- 
gen. Edited  by  Henry  B.  Nason,  Professor  of  Chemistry  in  the 
Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute,  Troy,  New  York.  Illustrated.  In 


one  volume,  12mo $3  00 

WORSSAM. — On  Mechanical  Saws: 

From  the  Transactions  of  the  Society  of  Engineers,  1869.  By  S.  W. 
WoRSSAM,  Jr.  Illustrated  by  18  large  plates.  8vo.  . . 82.60 


HENRY  CAREY  BAIRD’S  CATALOGUE. 


23 


RECENT  ADDITIONS  TO  OUR  LIST. 


AUERBACH. — Anthracen  : Its  Constitution,  Properties,  Man- 
ufacture, and  Derivatives,  including  Artificial  Alizarin,  An- 
thrapurpurin,  with  their  applications  in  Dyeing  and  Printing. 
By  G.  Auerbach.  Translated  and  edited  by  Wm.  Crookes,  F.  R.  S. 
8vo.  $5.00 

BECKETT. — Treatise  on  Clocks,  Watches  and  Bells. 

By  Sir  Edmund  Beckett,  Bart.  Illustrated.  12mo.  . $1.75 

BARLOW.— The  History  and  Principles  of  Weaving,  by  Hand 
and  by  Power. 

Several  Hundred  Illustrations.  8vo $10.00 

BOURNE. — Recent  Improvements  in  the  Steam  Engine. 

By  John  Bourne,  C.  E.  Illustrated.  16mo.  . . . $1.50 

CLARK. — Fuel : Its  Combustion  and  Economy. 

By  D.  K INN  EAR  Clark,  C.  E.  144  Engravings.  12mo.  . $1.50 

CRISTIANI. — Perfumery  and  Kindred  Arts. 

By  R.  S.  Cristiani.  8vo.  $5.00 

COLLENS. — The  Eden  of  Labor,  or  the  Christian  Utopia. 

12mo.  Paper,  $1.00;  Cloth,  $1.25 

CUPPER. — The  Universal  Stair  Builder. 

Illustrated  by  29  plates.  4to. $2.50 

COOLEY. — A Complete  Practical  Treatise  on  Perfumery. 

By  A.  J.  Cooley.  12mo $1.50 

DAVIDSON. — A Practical  Manual  of  House  Painting,  Grain- 
ing, Marbling  and  Sign  Writing: 

With  9 Colored  Illustrations  of  Woods  and  Marbles,  and  many  Wood 
Engravings.  12mo. $3.00 

EDWARDS. — A Catechism  of  the  Marine  Steam  Engine. 

By  Emory  Edwards.  Illustrated.  12mo.  . . . $2.00 

HASERICK. — The  Secrets  of  the  Art  of  Dyeing  Wool,  Cotton, 
and  Linen  : 

Including  Bleaching  and  Coloring  Wool  and  Cotton  Hosiery  and 
Random  Yarns.  By  E.  C.  Haserick.  Illustrated  by  323  Dyed  Pat- 
terns of  the  Yarns  or  Fabrics.  8vo $25.00 

HENRY. — The  Early  and  Later  History  of  Petroleum. 

By  J.  T.  Henry.  Illustrated.  8vo. 


$4.50 


24 


HENRY  CAREY  BAIRD’S  CATALOGUE. 


KELLOGG. — A New  Monetary  System. 

By  Ed.  Kellogg.  Fifth  Edition.  Edited  by  Mary  Kellogg 
Putnam.  12mo.  Paper,  $1.00;  Cloth,  ....  $1.50 

KEMLO. — Watch  Repairer’s  Hand-Book. 

Illustrated.  12mo. $1.25 

MORRIS. — Easy  Rules  for  the  Measurement  of  Earthworks  by 
means  of  the  Prismoidal  Formula. 

By  Elwood  Morris,  C.  E.  8vo. $1.50 

McCULLOCH. — Distillation,  Brewing  and  Malting. 

By  J.  C.  McCulloch.  l2mo $1.00 

NEVILLE. — Hydraulic  Tables,  Co-Efficients,  and  Formulae 
fptf'TnTding  the  Discharge  of  Water  from  Orifices,  Notches, 
vV^irs^Pipes,  and  Rivers. 

Ii&strateTl.  12mo $5.00 

^lCOLfeS.^The  Railway  Builder. 

• - A Hajid-bQdk  for  Estimating  the  Probable  Cost  of  American  Railway 

. Construction  and  Equipment.  By  Wm.  J.  Nicolls,  C.  E.  Pocket- 

bo^  Form $2.00 

..^(J^MANDY. — The  Commercial  Hand-book  of  Chemical 
V Analysis. 

\ Isy  II.  M.  Noad,  Ph.  D.  12mo $5.00 

PROCTOR. — A Pocket-Book  of  Useful  Tables  and  Formulae 
for  Marine  Engineers. 

By  Frank  Proctor.  Pocket-book  Form.  . . . $2.00 

ROSE. — The  Complete  Practical  Machinist: 

Embracing  Lathe  Work,  Vise  Work,  Drills  and  Drilling,  Taps  and 
Dies,  Hardening  and  Tempering,  the  Making  and  Use  of  Tools,  etc., 
etc.  By  Joshua  Rose.  130  Illustrations.  12mo.  . . $2.50 

SLOAN. — Homestead  Architecture. 

By  Samuel  Sloan,  Architect.  200  Engravings.  8vo.  . $3.50 

SYME. — Outlines  of  an  Industrial  Science. 

By  David  Syme.  12mo $2.00 

WARE. — The  Coachmaker’s  Illustrated  Hand-Book. 

Fully  Illustrated.  8vo.  $3.00 

WIGHTWICK—  Hints  to  Young  Architects. 

Numerous  Wood  Cuts.  12mo $2.00 

WILSON. — First  Principles  of  Political  Economy. 

12mo. $1.50 

WILSON. — A Treatise  on  Steam  Boilers,  their  Strength,  Con- 
struction, and  Economical  Working. 

By  Robt.  Wilson.  Illustrated.  12mo $2.50 


